Table 2.
COVID-19-related clinical, radiological and biological characteristics on admission of CORONADO participants according to the use of metformin.
| Features | People with available data | All (N = 2449) | Metformin use before admission |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (N = 953) | Yes (N = 1496) | P value | |||
| Positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR | 2374 | 2245/2374 (94.6%) | 856/919 (93.1%) | 1389/1455 (95.5%) | 0.0198 |
| COVID-19 symptoms | 2448 | 2317/2448 (94.6%) | 896/953 (94%) | 1421/1495 (95.1%) | 0.2706 |
| Time between symptom onset and hospital admission (days) | 2399 | 5 [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8] | 4 [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7] | 6 [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9] | <0.0001 |
| Clinical presentation | |||||
| Fever | 2414 | 1807/2414 (74.9%) | 682/941 (72.5%) | 1125/1473 (76.4%) | 0.0343 |
| Fatigue | 2337 | 1456/2337 (62.3%) | 508/900 (56.4%) | 948/1437 (66%) | <0.0001 |
| Cough | 2383 | 1606/2383 (67.4%) | 591/930 (63.5%) | 1015/1453 (69.9%) | 0.0015 |
| Cephalalgia | 2263 | 283/2263 (12.5%) | 88/882 (10%) | 195/1381 (14.1%) | 0.0041 |
| Dyspnoea | 2416 | 1562/2416 (64.7%) | 592/943 (62.8%) | 970/1473 (65.9%) | 0.1270 |
| Rhinitis and/or pharyngeal signs | 2227 | 181/2227 (8.1%) | 72/865 (8.3%) | 109/1362 (8%) | 0.8115 |
| Agueusia and/or Anosmia | 2129 | 298/2129 (14%) | 88/817 (10.8%) | 210/1312 (16%) | 0.0007 |
| Digestive disorders | 2336 | 775/2336 (33.2%) | 275/908 (30.3%) | 500/1428 (35%) | 0.0191 |
| Chest CT imaging | |||||
| Abnormal chest CT | 1735 | 1675/1735 (96.5%) | 609/639 (95.3%) | 1066/1096 (97.3%) | 0.0402 |
| Ground-glass opacity/ crazy paving |
1712 | 1548/1712 (90.4%) | 545/628 (86.8%) | 1003/1084 (92.5%) | 0.0002 |
| Biological findings | |||||
| Admission plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 1834 | 170 [127−236] | 162 [124−227] | 176 [129−241] | 0.0041 |
| eGFR (CKD-EPI) (mL/min/1.73 m²) |
2287 | 67.2 [41−88.5] | 49.6 [27−78.4] | 75.8 [51.5−92.7] | <0.0001 |
| ALT (%ULN) | 2056 | 0.61 [0.42−0.98] | 0.54 [0.37−0.88] | 0.66 [0.46−1.05] | <0.0001 |
| AST (%ULN) | 2023 | 1.06 [0.75−1.59] | 1 [0.69−1.48] | 1.11 [0.79−1.64] | 0.0005 |
| GGT (%ULN) | 1915 | 0.93 [0.55−1.73] | 0.95 [0.53−1.72] | 0.93 [0.58−1.73] | 0.7310 |
| Haemoglobin (g/dl) | 2387 | 12.7 [11.4−14.2] | 12.3 [10.9−13.9] | 12.9 [11.7−14.3] | <0.0001 |
| White cell count (103/mm3) | 2384 | 6600 [5000−8820] | 6450 [4932−8915] | 6600 [5030−8800] | 0.3658 |
| Lymphocyte count (103/mm3) | 2313 | 990 [690−1400] | 910 [620−1340] | 1020 [710−1420] | <0.0001 |
| Platelet count (103/mm3) | 2383 | 201 [155−258] | 191 [146−255] | 206 [160−262] | <0.0001 |
| d-dimers (µg/l) | 957 | 880 [328−1730] | 885 [334−1635] | 880 [306−1735] | 0.9600 |
| CRP (mg/l) | 2286 | 86 [40.8−146.9] | 76.9 [34.9−134.1] | 92.0 [45.0−152.1] | 0.0001 |
| LDH (UI/l) | 1253 | 350 [262−494] | 345 [256−479] | 350 [267−502] | 0.4398 |
| CPK (UI/l) | 1207 | 132 [66−302] | 137 [63−335] | 128 [67−282] | 0.4698 |
| Fibrinogen (g/l) | 1227 | 6.2 [5−7.4] | 6 [4.8−7.1] | 6.3 [5.1−7.5] | 0.0004 |
Data are presented as numbers (%) and mean ± SD, or median [25th–75th percentile] if not normally distributed.
P values are calculated using Fisher’s exact test, unpaired Student t-test or Wilcoxon rank sum test (two-sided).
PCR: reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; CT, computed tomography; eGFR (CKD-EPI): estimated glomerular filtration rate using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CRP, C-reactive protein; LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase; CPK, creatinine phosphokinase.