Table 1.
Characteristics of the sample before the lockdown due to COVID-19.
| Baseline Characteristics | Included n = 98 |
Reduction or Insufficient PA, n = 58 a | Improvement or Sufficient PA, n = 40 a | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 82.4 (6.1) | 82.2 (5.5) | 82.8 (6.8) | 0.606 |
| Woman, % (n) | 66.3 (65) | 62.1 (36) | 72.5 (29) | 0.283 |
| Lives alone, % (n) | 54.1 (54) | 56.9 (33) | 50.0 (20) | 0.501 |
| Education, % (n) | ||||
| Illiterate Primary school Secondary school University degree |
8.3 (8) 39.2 (38) 38.1 (37) 14.4 (14) |
7.0 (4) 43.9 (25) 38.6 (22) 10.5 (6) |
10.0 (4) 32.5 (13) 37.5 (15) 20.0 (8) |
0.476 |
| Falls in the last year, % (n) | 28.6 (28) | 27.6 (16) | 30.0 (12) | 0.795 |
| Lawton Index b, median (IQR) | 5 (3–8) | 4.5 (2–7) | 7 (4–8) | 0.012 |
| Barthel Index c, median (IQR) | 95 (85–100) | 92.5 (85–95) | 95 (90–100) | 0.091 |
| Malnutrition risk d, % (n) | ||||
| Normal nutrition status At risk of malnutrition Malnourished |
79.0 (75) 19.0 (20) 1.1 (1) |
73.2 (41) 25.0 (14) 1.8 (1) |
87.2 (34) 12.8 (5) 0.0 (0) |
0.227 |
| Depressive symptoms e, % (n) | 21.9 (21) | 30.4 (17) | 10.0 (4) | 0.017 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, median (IQR) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 1 (0–2) | 0.041 |
| Previous cognitive impairment or positive screening f, % (n) | 36.1 (35) | 45.6 (26) | 22.5 (9) | 0.020 |
| Number of drugs, mean (SD) | 7.4 (3.5) | 7.7 (3.4) | 7.0 (3.5) | 0.368 |
| Clinical Frailty Scale—vulnerable or any degree of frailty, % (n) | 63.3 (62) | 67.2 (39) | 57.5 (23) | 0.326 |
| SPPB g, mean (SD) | 8.3 (3.1) | 7.9 (3.2) | 8.8 (2.9) | 0.202 |
| Gait speed, median (IQR) | 0.75 (0.58–0.92) | 0.72 (0.66–0.77) | 0.79 (0.72–0.86) | 0.175 |
| Sufficient physical activity, % (n) | 60.2 (59) | 51.7 (30) | 72.5 (29) | 0.039 |
PA: Physical Activity. IQR: interquartile range, SD: standard deviation. Student’s t-test or the Mann-Whitney U-test were used for continuous variables as appropriate and Chi-square test for categorical. a Change in PA level: Improve an insufficient or maintain a sufficient PA level vs. reduction or maintain insufficient PA level. Brief PA Assessment score, range from 0–8 (≥4 points: sufficient active, 0–3: insufficient active). b Independence for activities of daily living, Barthel index: range from 0–100. c Independence for instrumental activities of daily living, Lawton index: range from 0–8. d Mini-Nutritional Assessment Short form score: range from 0–14 points (0–7: Malnourished, 8–11: At risk of malnutrition, 12–14: Normal). e Geriatric Depression Scale Yesavage: range from 0–15 points (>5 points: depression). f Previous diagnosis of cognitive impairment or dementia or positive screening performed with Minicog©. Minicog© range 0–5 (<3 positive screening for cognitive impairment). g Short Physical Performance Battery, range from 0–12 (<10 points: frailty).