Table 2.
Baseline characteristics, observation period, and outcome incidences of 8860 female students stratified by dinner frequency.
| Dinner frequency | All | Eating Every Day |
Skipping ≥Occasionally |
p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 8860 | 8502 | 358 | |
| Baseline characteristics at admission | ||||
| Age, 18 years, n (%) | 6537 (73.8) | 6336 (74.5) | 201 (56.1) | <0.001 |
| 19 | 2052 (23.2) | 1926 (22.7) | 126 (35.2) | |
| 20 | 160 (1.8) | 145 (1.7) | 15 (4.2) | |
| 21–60 | 111 (1.3) | 95 (1.1) | 16 (4.5) | |
| Height, cm | 158.4 ± 5.2 | 158.4 ± 5.2 | 158.7 ± 5.1 | 0.250 |
| Body weight, kg | 51.5 ± 6.8 | 51.4 ± 6.8 | 53.1 ± 7.0 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 20.5 ± 2.4 | 20.5 ± 2.4 | 21.1 ± 2.4 | <0.001 |
| <25.0 kg/m2, n (%) | 8465 (95.5) | 8134 (95.7) | 331 (92.5) | 0.004 |
| ≥25.0 | 395 (4.5) | 368 (4.3) | 27 (7.5) | |
| Smokers, n (%) | 13 (0.1) | 11 (0.1) | 2 (0.6) | 0.038 |
| Drinkers, n (%) | 418 (4.7) | 367 (4.3) | 51 (14.2) | <0.001 |
| Sleep duration, <5 h, n (%) | 264 (3.0) | 246 (2.9) | 18 (5.0) | 0.003 |
| 5–6 | 3159 (35.7) | 3018 (35.5) | 141 (39.4) | |
| 6–7 | 4209 (47.5) | 4070 (47.9) | 139 (38.8) | |
| 7–8 | 1109 (12.5) | 1057 (12.4) | 52 (14.5) | |
| ≥8 | 119 (1.3) | 111 (1.3) | 8 (2.2) | |
| Breakfast, eating every day, n (%) | 7793 (88.0) | 7538 (88.7) | 255 (71.2) | <0.001 |
| Skipping occasionally | 782 (8.8) | 707 (8.3) | 75 (20.9) | |
| Skipping ≥ often | 285 (3.2) | 257 (3.0) | 28 (7.8) | |
| Lunch, eating every day, n (%) | 8451 (95.4) | 8178 (96.2) | 273 (76.3) | <0.001 |
| Skipping ≥ occasionally | 409 (4.6) | 324 (3.8) | 85 (23.7) | |
| Dinner time, before 7 PM, n (%) | 2288 (25.8) | 2185 (25.7) | 103 (28.8) | 0.111 |
| 7–9 PM | 5611 (63.3) | 5405 (63.6) | 206 (57.5) | |
| 9–11 PM | 920 (10.4) | 873 (10.3) | 47 (13.1) | |
| After 11 PM | 41 (0.5) | 39 (0.5) | 2 (0.6) | |
| Observation period and incidence of outcomes | ||||
| Observation period (years) | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 0.708 |
| Weight gain ≥10%, n (%) | 1518 (17.1) | 1436 (16.9) | 82 (22.9) | 0.041 |
| IR per 1000 PY (95% CI) | 58.1 (55.3, 61.1) | 57.2 (54.3, 60.2) | 80.3 (64.7, 99.7) | |
| BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, n (%) | 266 (3.1) | 248 (3.0) | 18 (5.4) | 0.015 |
| IR per 1000 PY (95% CI) | 10.0 (8.9, 11.3) | 9.7 (8.6, 11.0) | 17.8 (11.2, 28.2) | |
Mean ± standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval, IR, incidence rate; PY, person-year.