Table 2.

Adjusted confounders in included studies.

Reference	Adjustment for Important Variables							All 7	Adjustment for Other Variables
	Age	Sex	Education	Smoking	Physical Activity	Alcohol	TEI
Goto et al., 2008 [36]									fatty food, living alone
Guinter et al., 2020 [90]									race/ethnicity, Healthy Eating Index 2015, weight loss dieting, average sleep hours, perceived level of stress
Hurst and Fukuda, 2018 [37]									baseline BMI, obesity status, antidiabetic medication
Kahleova et al., 2017 [93]									ethnicity, dietary pattern, marital status, sleep, tv watching, high blood pressure medication
Kito et al., 2019 [38]									BMI, eating speed, late-night meals/ snacking, drinking, sleep, interactions
Nooyens et al., 2005 [92]									retirement, type of job, diet, sugared soft drinks, fiber density, interactions
Odegaard et al., 2013 [91]									race, fast food, dietary quality, meal frequency, baseline BMI and WC
Smith et al., 2017 [39]									baseline weight, time to follow-up, meal pattern, weekday of follow-up
van der Heijden et al., 2007 [94]									baseline BMI, marital status, weightlifting

TEI = total energy intake; BMI = body mass index; WC = waist circumference.