Table 1. The highest binding energy of drug molecules with the S protein in molecular docking simulations.

Drug and drug treatment	S-binding energy (kcal/mol)
tizoxanide	-9.38
dolutegravir	-8.96
arbidol	-8.86
bictegravir	-8.72
oseltamivir carboxylate	-7.66
hydroxychloroquine	-7.50
chloroquine	-7.48
saquinavir	-6.72
darunavir	-5.56
favipiravir-4-ribofuranosyl-5’-triphosphate	-5.56
favipiravir-4-ribofuranosyl-5’- monophosphate	-5.40
lopinavir	-5.17
ribavirin 5’-monophosphate	-5.15
remdesivir triphosphate	-4.57