Table 2.
Antiviral traits of medicinal plants associated metabolites.
| Name of the compound | Plant | Active against | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alkaloids and nitrogenated compounds | |||
| Actinophnine | Actinodaphne hookeri | HSV-1 | Montanha et al. (1995) |
| Atropine | Atropa belladona L. | Enveloped virus | Yamazaki and Tagaya (1980) |
| Biopterin | Crithidia fasciculata | Antiviral activity | Tschesche et al. (1962) |
| Buchapine | Euodia roxburghiana | HIV-1 | Manske and Brossi (1985) |
| Camptothecin | Ophiorrhiza mungos | Herpes virus | Tafur et al. (1976) |
| Canavanin | Carnavalia ensiformis L. | Influenza virus | Pilcher et al. (1955) |
| Caffeine | Theobroma cacao L. and Coffea sp. | Coxsackie-virus, Herpes, Poliovirus, vaccinia, and influenza virus | Yamazaki and Tagaya (1980) |
| Caribine | Hymenocallis arencola | Antiviral activity | Manske and Brossi (1987) |
| Carinatine | Zephyranthes carinata | Antiviral activity | Manske and Brossi (1987) |
| Chelidonine | Chelidonium majus L. | Herpes virus and influenza virus | Manske and Brossi (1987) |
| Cordycepin | Aspergillus nidulans Eidam Wint. Cordyceps militaris | Picornavirus, poliovirus, vaccinia, newcastle disease virus, Herpes simplex, and influenza viruses | Kaij-a-Kamb et al. (1992) |
| Cryptopleurine | Bochneria cylindrica L. Sw. and Cryptocarya pleurosperma | HSV-1 | Cordell (1981); Manske and Brossi (1989) |
| O-demethyl-buchenavianine | Buchenavia capitata | HIV | Vlietinck et al. (1997) |
| Emetine | Cephaelis ipecacuanha A. Rich. | Pseudorabies and Herpes virus | Hanish et al. (1966) |
| Fagaronine | Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam | Retrovirus | Manske and Brossi (1988) |
| Harmaline, Harmine | Peganum harmala | HSV-1 | Rashan (1990) |
| Hypoxanthine | Beta vulgaris | Antiviral activity | Mifflin (1981) |
| Lycorine | Clivia miniata | Antiviral activity | Leven et al. (1983) |
| Michellamines D, Michellamines F | Ancistrocladus korupensis D. Thomas and Gereau | HIV | Hallock et al. (1997) |
| 10-Methoxycamptothecin | Camptotheca acuminata Descene | Adenovirus, Herpes, and vaccinia viruses | Clemens (1977) |
| Odorinol | Aglaia roxburghiana Miq. var. Beddomei | Ranikhet disease virus | Phillipson and Zenk (1980) |
| Oliverine | Polyathia oliveri | HSV-1 | Montanha et al. (1995) |
| Oxostephanine | Stephania japonica | HSV-1 | Montanha et al. (1995) |
| Pachystaudine | Pachypodanthium staudti | HSV-1 | Montanha et al. (1995) |
| Papaverine | Papaver somniferum | CMV, measles, HIV | Manske and Brossi (1990) |
| Psychotrine | Cephaelis acuminata | HIV-1 | Manske and Brossi (1985) |
| Schumannificine | Schumanniophyton magnificum | HIV and HSV | Vlietinck et al. (1997) |
| Taspine | Croton lechleri M. | Avian myeloblastosis virus, Rauscher virus, and Simian sarcoma virus | Manske and Brossi (1990) |
| Homonojirimycin, Deoxymanojirimycin | Omphalea diandra | Homonojirimycin is an inhibitor of several a-glucosidases, Deoxymanojirimycin is an inhibitor of glycoprocessing mannosidase | Kite et al. (1988) |
| Aranotin, Gliotoxin | Arachniotus aureus (Eidam) Schoeter | Coxsackievirus A 21, poliovirus, rhinovirus, influenza virus, and para-influenza virus type 3 | Becker (1980); Miller et al. (1968) |
| Ochropamine and epi-16-Ochropamine | Cabucula erythrocarpa Vatke Mar | Influenza virus | Manske and Brossi (1990) |
| (+)-Glaucine fumarate, (+)-N-Methyllaurotetanine, (+)-Isoboldine, and (−)-Nuciferine HCl | Corydalis cava, Glaucium flavum, Peumus boldo | HSV and picornaviridae | Boustie et al. (1998) |
| Castanospermine, Australine | Castanospermum australe | HIV | Foder and Colasanti (1985) |
| Leurocristina, Periformyline, Perivine, and Vincaleucoblastine | Catharanthus roseus L. G. Don. and C. lanceus Pich | Leurocristina-Mengovirus extracellular virucidal, poliovirus, vaccinia, and influenza viruses Periformyline -poliovirus type 3-Perivine - vaccinia Polio extracellular virucidal activity Vincaleucoblastine - poliovirus vaccinia, and influenza virus | Farnsworth et al. (1968) |
| Columbamine, Berberine, and Palmitine | Annonaceae, Berberis vulgaris, menispermaceae and Papaveraceae | HIV-1 | Manske and Brossi (1990) |
| Narciclasine, Lycoricidine, Pancratistatin, 7-deoxypancratistatin, Acetatos, Isonarciclasine, cis-Dihydronarciclasine, Lycorines, and Pretazettine | Narcissus poeticus L., Lycorine was isolated from Clivia mimiata Regel | Flaviviruses, bunyaviruses, and Poliomyelitis virus | Gabrielsen et al. (1992); Ieven et al. (1982) |
| Buxamine E and Cyclobuxamine H | Buxus sempervirens | HIV-1 reverse transcriptase | Hiller (1987) |
| Triptonines A and Triptonines B | Tripterygium hypoglaucum and Tripterygium wilfordii | HIV | Duan et al. (2000) |
| 5-hydroxynoracronycine and Acrimarine F | Citrus plants | Epstein-Barr virus | Takemura et al. (1995) |
| Fagaronine, Columbamine, and Fulvoplumierin | Plumeria rubra L. | HIV-1 reverse transcriptase | Tan et al. (1991) |
| β-carbolines, furanoquinolines, indolizidines, swainsonine, and castanospermine | Swainsona canescens, Astragalus lentiginosus, Castanospermum australe, Aglaia roxburghiana | DNA viruses | Hudson (1990); Sydiskis et al. (1991); Asano et al. (1996); Erdelmeier et al. (1996); Marchetti et al. (1996) |
| Coumarins | |||
| Calmolide A | Calophyllum lanigerum | HIV | Murray et al. (1982) |
| Coriandrin | Coriandrum sativus | HIV | Towers (1989) |
| Inophyllum B and Inophyllum P | Calophyllum inophyllum Linn. | HIV-1 reverse transcriptase | Patil et al. (1993) |
| Soulatrolide | Calophyllum teysmanii | HIV | Murray et al. (1982) |
| Glycycoumarin and Licopyranocoumarin | Glycyrrhiza glabra | HIV | Vlietinck et al. (1997) |
| Flavonoids | |||
| Acacetin 7-o-(6″-rhamnopyranosyl) β-D-glucopyra-noside) | Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramar (Compositae) | HIV | Qi-Hu et al. (1994) |
| Apigenin | Widely distributed in the plant kingdom | Herpes virus | Béládi et al. (1977) |
| 3,3′ Dimethoxyquercetin | Euphorbia grantii Oliv. and Veronia amygdalina Del. (Compositae) | Picornaviruses and vesicular stomatitis virus | Van Hoof et al. (1989); Rwangabo et al. (1986) |
| Fisetin inactivates | Rhus spp. | Pseudorabies virus | Béládi et al. (1977) |
| O-Glucosyl-7-methyl-5-genistein | Ulex europaeus L. | HSV | Swallow et al. (1975) |
| Glycosil-7-O-luteolin | Matricaria inodora L. (Compositae) | HSV and poliomelytis | Suganda et al. (1983) |
| Hesperetin | Citrus spp. (lemons and sweet oranges) | Vesicular stomatitis | Harborne (1988) |
| Isoquercitrin | Waldsteinia fragarioides Michx. | HSV-1 virus | Karam and Shier (1992) |
| Justicidin B | Phyllanthus acuminatus | Cytomegalovirus and Sindbis virus | Ingham (1983) |
| Kaemferol 3-methyl ether; and Isokaempferide | Solanum sarrachoides | Antiviral activity | Harborne (1988) |
| Luteolin | Widely distributed in the plant kingdom | Pseudorabies virus | Béládi et al. (1977) |
| Luteolin-7-O-glucoside | Matricaria inodora L. (Compositae) | HSV and poliovirus | Béládi et al. (1977) |
| Morin | Chlorophora tinctoria L. Gaud | Pseudorabies virus | Béládi et al. (1977) |
| Naringin | Citrus paradisi Macfad. | Vesicular stomatitis virus | Wacker and Eilmes (1978) |
| Pachypodol (quercetin 3,7,3′-trimethyl ether) | Begonia glabra | Antiviral activity | Cody et al. (1986) |
| Pelargonidin | Pelargonium sp. | Enveloped viruses | Béládi et al. (1977) |
| Quercetin | Chenopodium quinoa | Potato virus X | French and Towers (1992) |
| Quercetin 3-methyl ether | Found as the aglycone in the leaves of Compositae | Antiviral activity | Cody et al. (1986) |
| Quercetin 3-O-(2″-galloyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside | Acer okamotoanum Nakai | HIV-1 integrase | Kim et al. (1998) |
| Quercetagetin | Found in the flowers of many spp. of Compositae | Rauscher murine leukemia and HIV | Cody et al. (1986) |
| Rutin | Fagopyrum esculentum Moench | Pseudorabies and vesicular stomatitis virus | Béládi et al. (1977) |
| Taxifolin | Acacia catechu | Antiviral activity | Harborne (1988) |
| Volkensiflavone | Rhus succedania L. | Influenza B virus | Lin et al. (1997); Lin et al. (1999) |
| Ternatin and Melaternatin | Evodia madagascariensis Baker | HSV-1, HSV-2, adenovirus type 2, poliovirus type 2, and VSV type 2 | Simöes et al. (1990) |
| Afromosin and Formononetin | Wisteria brachybotrys Sieb | Epstein-Barr virus early antigen | Konoshima et al. (1989) |
| Axillarin, Chrysosphenol B, and Chrysosplenol C | Chrysosplenium tosaense | Rhinovirus | Tsuchiya et al. (1985) |
| Lophirone F, Azobechalcone, and Isolophirachalcone | Lophira alata | Epsein-Barr virus early antigen induction test | Murakami et al. (1992) |
| Centaurein and Jacein | Centaurea nigra L. | Herpes virus and poliovirus | Kaij-a-Kamb et al. (1992) |
| 5,7,3,3′,4,5-Hexahydroxyflavone, and 5,7,4′-Trihydroxy-3-glycosylflavone | Befaria cinnamomea | HIV-1 | Mahmood et al. (1993) |
| Agathisflavone, Robustaflavone, Hinokiflavone, Amentoflavone, and Morelloflavone | Rhus succedanea L. and Garcinia multiflora Champ | HIV-1 reverse transcriptase | Lin et al. (1997) |
| 3-O-Methylcalopocarpin, Licoisoflavanone, Glyasperin | Erythrina lysistemon Hutch | HIV | McKee et al. (1997) |
| Macluraxanthone B, Macluraxanthone C, and Dihydrocudraflavone B | Maclura tinctoria | HIV | Groweiss et al. (2000) |
| 7-O-Methyl-glabranine | Tephrosia madrensis | Dengue virus | Sanchez et al. (2000) |
| Wogonin | Scutellaria baicalensis | HBV | Huang et al. (2000) |
| Samarangenin B and Myricetin | Limonium sinense | HSV-1 replication | Lin et al. (2000) |
| Lignans | |||
| Dihydroanhydropodorhizol | Bursera schletchtendalii | HSV-1 | Ayres and Loike (1990) |
| Diphyllin apioside-5-acetate, justicidin A and B, diphyllin, and diphyllin apioside | Justicia procumbens var. leucantha | Vesicular stomatitis virus | Asano et al. (1996) |
| Lignine guaiacyl derivative | Pinus nigra Arnold | HIV | Eberhardt and Young (1996) |
| Deoxypodophyllotoxin, 4′-Dimethylpodophyllotoxin, Podophyllotoxin acetate, Epidophyllotoxin acetate, and β-Peltatin A methyl ether | Juniperus sabina | HSV-1 and vesicular stomatitis virus | Feliciano et al. (1993) |
| Podophyllotoxin, β-Peltatin, Deoxypodophyllotoxin, Picropodophyllotoxin, and α-Peltatin | Podophyllum peltatum | Measles and HSV-1 viruses | McKee et al. (1997); Bedows and Hatfield (1982) |
| Kadsulignan L, Kadsulignan M, and Kadsulignan N | Kadsura coccinea | HIV | Liu and Li (1995) |
| Justicidins A, Justicidins B, Diphyllin, Actigenin, and Trachelogenin | Forsythia intermedia and Ipomoea cairica | HIV-1 | Vlietinck et al. (1998) |
| Schizarin B and taiwanschirin D | Kadsura matsudai | HBV virus | Kuo et al. (2001) |
| Rhinacanthin E and rhinacanthin F | Rhinacanthus nasutus | Influenza virus type A | Kernan et al. (1997) |
| Miscellaneous compounds | |||
| Calcium elenolate | Olea europaea L. | Antiviral activity | Swallow et al. (1975) |
| Castelanone | Castela tweediei | Oncogenic Rous sarcoma virus | Rembold (1989) |
| Chaparrinone | Quassia undulata | Oncogenic Rous sarcoma virus | Rembold (1989) |
| Cochinolide | Homalium cochinchinesis | HSV-1 and -2 | Ishikawa et al. (1998) |
| Curdlan sulphate, Dextran sulphate, and Dextrin sulphate | Dextran sulphate - Viola yedoensis, Dextrin sulphate - Prunella vulgaris and Curdlan sulphate - Alternanthera philoxeroides (Amarantaceae) | HIV | Vlietinck et al. (1998) |
| Glaucarubolone | Quassia simarouba | Oncogenic Rous sarcoma virus | Rembold (1989) |
| D-glucosamine | Dahlis sp., Glycine max (L.) Merr and Phaeseolus aureus Roxb. | Fowl plague, Sindbis and Semliki Forest virus, RNA viruses, HSV, pox virus, NDV-inhibits para influenza 3, and measles | Kaluza et al. (1972) |
| Glucans 1 and Glucans 2 | Nicotania tabacum | Antiviral activity | Rouhier et al. (1995) |
| Pentagalloylglucose | Paeonia albiflora Pallas | HSV | Kaij-a-Kamb et al. (1992) |
| Monoterpenoids, diterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids | |||
| Alloaromadendrol glycosides | Calendula arvensis L. | Vesicular stomatitis virus and rhinovirus (HRV type 1B) | Tommasi et al. (1990) |
| Arbotristosides A,B,C | Nyctanhes arbor-tristis | EMCV and SFV | Rathore et al. (1990) |
| Carnosolic acid and Carnosol | Rosmarinus officinalis L. | HIV protease inhibitors | Pariš et al. (1993) |
| Celafolin A-1, Celaforin B-2, Celaforin B-3, Celaforin C-1, Celaforin D-1, Celaforin D-2, and Celaforin D-3 | Celastrus stephanotiifolius Makino | Epstein-Barr virus | Takaishi et al. (1993) |
| 12-Deoxyphorbol-13(3E,5E-decadienoate) | Excoecaria agallocha | HIV | Erickson et al. (1995) |
| Euglobal T1 | Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. | Epstein-Barr virus | Kokumai et al. (1991) |
| Euglobal 1, Euglobal 2, and Euglobal 3 | Eucalyptus grandis | Epstein-Barr virus | Takasaki et al. (1990) |
| Halnanolide | Banisteria caapi | Influenza virus A (WS), Newcastle diseases virus, Japanese B encephalitis virus (AZ), and vaccina virus | Cracker and Simon (1986) |
| Liangshanin B and Liangshanin D | Rabdosia liangshanica C.Y. | Hepatitis virus | Fenglei et al. (1989) |
| Nimbinen | Limonoids found in plants of the order Rutales | Antiviral activity | Champagne et al. (1992) |
| Sclerocarpic acid | Glyptopetalum sclerocarpum | HSV 1 and 2 | Sotanaphun et al. (1999) |
| Scoparic acid A, Scoparic acid B, Scoparic acid C, and Scopadulcis acid B | Scoparia dulcis | HSV 1 | Hayashi et al. (1988); Hayashi et al. (1990) |
| Dolabellane | Dolabella californica | Influenza and adenovirus viruses | Piattelli et al. (1995) |
| Safficinolide and Sageone | Salvia officinalis | Vesicular stomatitis virus | Tada et al. (1994) |
| Tripterifordin | Triterygium wilfordii Hook | HIV | Chen et al. (1992) |
| Arennoside, Geniposidic acid, Geniposidic, and Gardenoside | Genipa americana L. | Antiviral activity | Ueda et al. (1991) |
| Xylopinic acid | Xylopia sp. | HIV | Fuller et al. (1996) |
| 12-O-Acetylphorbol-13-Decanoate and 12-O-Decanoylphorbol-13-(2- methyl butyrate) | Croton tiglium | HIV-1 | El-Mekkawy et al. (2000) |
| Phenolic | |||
| 2-O-Caffeoyl-(+)-allohydroxycitric | Spondias mombin | Coxsackie and HSV | Corthout et al. (1992) |
| 2,6-Dihydroxymethoxyisobutylrophenone and 4,6-Dihydroxymethoxyisobutylrophenone | Kunzea ericoides A. Rich. | Antiviral activity | Bloor (1992) |
| Eugenin or Ellagitanin | Syzyium aromatica Merr Paeonia suffruticosa | HSV | Takechi and Tanaka (1982); Takechi and Tanaka (1981) |
| Gentisic acid | Citrus cultivars, Vitus vinifera | Antiviral activity | Van Sumere (1989) |
| Gossypol | Gossypium herbaceum L. | Herpes parainfluenza 3 and influenza viruses | Harborne and Baxter (1993) |
| Guttiferone A,B,C,D, and E | Symphonia globulifera, Garcinia livinstonei, Garcinia ovalifolia and Clusia rosea | HIV | Gustafson et al. (1992) |
| Mallotojaponin and Mallotochromene | Mallotus japonicum | HIV | Van Sumere (1989) |
| Peltalol A | Pothomorpha peltata | HIV-1 | Van Sumere (1989) |
| Pentagalloyl-βD-glucose | Nuphar japonicum | HIV | Porter (1989) |
| Polyphenolic complex | Geranium sanguineum L. | Neuraminidase activity of different influenza virus HINI, H2N2, and H3N2 | Serkedjieva and Manolova (1992) |
| Salicin and Salireposide | Populus trichocarpa | Poliomyelitis and Semliki forest virus | Van Hoof et al. (1989) |
| △-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol | Cannabis sativa L. | HSV-1, HSV-2 | Blevins and Dumic (1980) |
| Woodorien | Woodwardia orientalis | HSV-1 and poliovirus | Xu et al., 2010 |
| Silymarin and Cyanidol | Silybum marianum | Acute viral hepatitis | Swallow et al. (1975) |
| Dibalanocarpol and Balanocarpol | Hopea malibato Foxw | HIV | Hatano et al. (1988) |
| 3,5-di-O-Galloylquinic acid, 3,4,5-tri-O-Caffeoylquinic acid, and 1,3,4-tri-O-Galloylquinic acid | Guiera senegalensis and Securidata longipedunculata | HIV | Van Sumere (1989) |
| (+)-Nortrachelogenin, Genkwanol A, Wilkstrol B, and Daphnodorin B | Wikstroemia indica C. A. Meyer | HIV-1 | Hu et al. (2000) |
| 1,3,4,5-tetra-O-Galloylquinic acid | Lepidobotrys staudtii Engl.) | HIV-1 and HIV-2 | Bokesch et al. (1996) |
| Phenylpropanoids | |||
| Caffeic acid | Coffea arabica | Influenza virus, HSV, vaccinia, and polio viruses | Mølgaard and Ravn (1988) |
| Chlorogenic acid | Coffea arabica | Poliovirus | Mølgaard and Ravn (1988) |
| 3-Methyl-but-2-enyl caffeate | Populus nigra L. | Antiviral activity | Amoros et al. (1994) |
| Usneoidone E, and Usneoidone Z | Brown seaweed Cystoseira usneoides | Antiviral activity | Urones et al. (1992) |
| Verbacoside, Isoverbacoside, Luteoside A, and Luteoside B | Markhamia lutea Seemann ex Baillor | Respiratory syncytial virus | Kernan et al. (1998) |
| Magnolol, Honokiol, and Monoterpenylmagnolol | Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils | Epstein-Barr virus early antigen | Konoshima et al. (1991) |
| Quinones | |||
| Conocurvone | Conospermun incurvum | HIV-1 reverse transcriptase | Decosterd et al. (1993) |
| Juglone | Juglans nigra; Hypericum triquetrifolium | HSV-1 virus and retrovirus | Berg and Labiade (1989) |
| Pseudohypericin | Hypericum triquetrifolium | Retrovirus | Berg and Labiade (1989) |
| Rhinacanthin C and Rhinacanthin D | Rhinacanthus nasutus (L) Kurz | Cytomegalovirus | Sendl et al. (1996) |
| Hypericin and Pseudohypericin | Hypericum perforatum | Retroviruses | Hudson et al. (1993) |
| Tannins | |||
| Agrimoniin | Agrimonia pilosa | Avian myeloblastosis virus | Porter (1989) |
| Coriariin A | Coriaria japonica | HIV | Porter (1989) |
| Procyanidin B2 | Rubus idaeus | HIV | Porter (1989) |
| Camellin B, Gemin D, Chebulagic acid, and Nobotanin B | Chebulagic acid was isolated from Terminalia chebula, gemin D from Geum japonicum, nobotanin B from Tibouchina semicandra | HIV | Vlietinck et al. (1998) |
| Thiophenes and polyacetylenes | |||
| Sidoresmin A | Sirodesmiun diversum | Rhinoviruses | Swallow et al. (1975) |
| Thiarubine-A | Chaenactis douglasii | Cytomegalovirus and Sindbis virus | Hudson et al. (1986a) |
| α-Terthienyl (α-T) ACBP-thiophene | Bidens pilosa, thiophene-A - Chaenactis douglasii, a-Terthienyl and ACBP-thiophene - Tagetes patula | Sindbis virus | Hudson et al. (1986b) |
| Allyl methyl tiosulfinate, Methyl allyl tiosulfinate, Ajoene, and Allicin | Garlic, Allium sativa L. | HSV, parainfluenza virus type 3, vaccinia virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and human rhinovirus type 2 | Weber et al. (1992) |
| Phenylheptatriyne (PHT), Thiophene-A, Erysolin, and Sulforaphen | Cardaria draba L. Desv. | Mengovirus and newcastle disease virus | Kaij-a-Kamb et al. (1992) |
| Triterpenoids | |||
| β-Aescin | Aesculus hippocastranum L. | Influenza viruses | Hiller (1987) |
| Arjunolic acid | Cochlospermun tinctorium A. Rich. | EBV-EA | Diallo et al. (1989) |
| Chikusetsusaponin | Panax japonicus C.A. Mayer | HIV | Hasegawa et al. (1994) |
| Cucurbitacin F, 23,24-Dihydrocucurbitacin F, 15-oxo-23, 24-Cucurbitacin F, and 15-oxo-Cucurbitacin F | Cowania mexicana | Epstein-Barr virus | Konoshima et al. (1993) |
| Digitoxin | Digitalis purpurea L. | Poliovirus | Koch and Gyorgy (1969) |
| Eichlerianic acid | Cowania Mexicana | Herpes virus type 1 | Hiller (1987) |
| Ganoderiol F and Ganodermanontriol | Ganoderma lucidum | HIV-1 | El-Mekkawy et al. (1998) |
| Gleditsia saponin C | Gleditsia japonica Miquel and Gymnocladus chinensis Baillon | HIV | Konoshima et al. (1995) |
| Gymnocladus saponin G and Glycyrrhizic acid | Glycyrrhiza glabrata L. | HSV 1, vaccinia virus, newcastle disease virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus | Hatano et al. (1988) |
| 3-O-Glucose(1–3) [arabinose 1–4]-glucose-xyloside of 23-hydroxy-protoprimulagenin A 3-O-Glucose(1–3) [arabinose 1–4]-glucose-xyloside of 23-hydroxyproto-primulagenin A | Anagallis arvensis | HSV 1 and poliovirus | Amoros and Girre (1987) |
| Gymnemic acid | Gymnema sylvestre | Anti-influenzal activity | Rao and Cochran (1974) |
| 24-Hydroxydammaran-20,25-dien-3-one | Chisocheton macrophyllus | Epstein-Barr virus | Inada et al. (1993) |
| 1β-Hydroxyaleuritolic acid 3-p-hydroxy-benzoate | Maprounnea Africana | HIV-1 reverse transcriptase | Pengsuparp et al. (1995) |
| (3 β -hydroxyolean-12-en-23,28 dioic acid 23-o-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-28-o-[β-d-glucopyranosyl(1-3)] β-D-gluco-pyranosyl(1-6)] β-D-galactopy-ranoside | Gypsophila capillaris | HSV | Elgamal et al. (1995) |
| Isofouqueierol | Fouquiera splendens Engelm | HSV | Gyorgy and Koch (1969) |
| Lancilactones C | Kadsura lancilimba | HIV | Chen et al. (1999) |
| Lanatoside D | Digitalis lanata Ehrh. | Influenza, Herpes and vaccinia viruses | Koch and Sandor (1969) |
| Methyl ester of wistariasaponin D, Methyl ester of wistariasaponin G, and Methyl ester of dehydrosoyasaponin | Wistaria brachybotrys Sieb | Epstein-Barr | Konoshima et al. (1989) |
| Nigranoic acid | Schisandra sphaerandra Stapf. | HIV | Sun et al. (1996) |
| (22E)-5β-24-Norcholest-22-ene-3 α,4α,11 β,21-tetrol,3,2,1-disulfate | Ophioplocus januarii Luetken | Respiratory syncytial and polio viruses | Roccatagliata et al. (1996) |
| Ouabain | Acokanthera ouabaio Cathel. | Newcastle disease virus | Becher (1976) |
| Saikosaponin-A | Bupleurum falcatum L. | Influenza virus | Hiller (1987) |
| Salaspermic acid | Triterygium wilfordii Hook | HIV | Hiller (1987) |
| Saponin 2 | Anagallis arvensis L. | Herpes virus and poliovirus | Koch and Sandor (1969) |
| Shoeric acid | Strophanthus kombe Oliv | Herpes virus | Kaij-a-Kamb et al. (1992) |
| Strophanthin G | Strophanthus kombe Oliv. | Influenza, Herpes and vaccinia viruses | Kaij-a-Kamb et al. (1992) |
| Suberosol | Polyalthia suberosa Roxburgh Thwaites | HIV | Li et al. (1993) |
| 3-O-trans-Caffeoyltormentic acid | Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) | Rhinovirus infection | Tommasi et al. (1992) |
| Wistariasaponins A, Wistariasaponins B, and Wistariasaponins C | Wistaria brachybotrys Sieb | Epstein-Barr virus | Konoshima et al. (1989) |
| Zingibroside R1 | Panax zingiberensis | HIV | Hasegawa et al. (1994) |
| 2α-19α-Dihydroxy-3-oxo-12-ursen-28-oic-acid, and Mastinic acid | Geum japonicum | HIV | Hiller (1987) |
| Proscillaridin A and Scillarenin | Urginea scilla Steinh | Influenza, HSV, vaccinia virus, and picornaviruses | Koch and Sandor (1969) |
| Betulinic acid and Platanic acid | Syzigium claviflorum (Roxb.) Wall | HIV | Fujioka et al. (1994) |
| Oleanolic acid and Pomolic acid, Alphitolic acid, Asiantic acid, and Betulinic acid | Oleanolic acid (Prosopis glandulosa, Torr), pomolic acid, alphitolic acid (Rosa woodsii Lindl.), arjunolic acid, asiantic acid, betulinic acid (Syzygium claviflorum Wall) | HIV | Kashiwada et al. (1998) |
| Dammaradienol, Dammaradienol II, Dammarenolic acid, Hydroxydammarenone I, Hydroxyhopanone, Hydroxyoleanolic acid, and Ursonic acid | Balanocarpus heimii King | Herpes virus | Swallow et al. (1975) |
| Epigallocatechin-(4β-8,2β-O-7)-epicatechin, 3-Oxotirucalla-7–24-dien-21oic acid. And Oleanolic acid | Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge | HIV-1 | Ma et al. (2000) |
| 1-J3-hydroxyaleuritolic acid-3-p-hydroxybenzoate | Maprounea africana | Reverse transcriptase inhibitors | Cos et al. (2008) |
| Escin | Aesculus chinensis Bge. | HIV | Yang et al. (1999); Xiu-Wuei et al. (1999) |
| Proteins and peptides | |||
| Trichobitacin | Trichosanthes kirilowii | HIV | Mishra et al. (2013) |
| Pokeweed antiviral proteins (PAP) (MRK29, MAP30 and GAP31) | Phytolacca Americana, Momordica charantia, Gelonium multiflorum | HIV-1 | Rajamohan et al. (1999) |
| Panaxagin | Panax ginseng | HIV-1 reverse transcriptase | Ng and Wang (2001) |
| Kalata B1,B2 | Oldenlandia affinis | HIV | Craik et al. (2012) |
| Cyrulin A,B | Chassalia parviflora | HIV | Gustafson et al. (1994) |
| Lunatusin | Phaseolus lunatus | Antiviral activity | Wong and Ng (2005) |
| Vulgarinin | Phaseolus vulgaris | Antiviral activity | Jack and Tzi (2005) |
| Cicerin and Arietin | Cicer arietinum | Antiviral activity | Ye et al. (2002); De Souza et al. (2011) |
| Peptidesa-Mitogenic | Brassica napus | ND-Not determined | Yust (2004) |
| Phaseococcin | Phaseolus coccineus | HIV | Kuczer et al. (2010) |
| Sesquin | Vigna sesquipedalis | HIV | Hultmark et al. (2005) |