. 2021 Jan 19;13(1):274. doi: 10.3390/nu13010274

Table 1.

Dietary approaches in the arterial hypertension management.

Nutritional Treatment	Type of the Study	Authors	Year	Organ/System/Metabolic Target	Duration of Intervention	Impact of Intervention
CRD	Animal study	Zanetti et al. [64]	2010	Vascular endothelial Oxidative stress	3 weeks	↓ Oxidative stress ↓ iNOS ↓ Total nitrite ↓ Calcium-independent NOS activity ↑ SOD activity
CRD	Animal study	Rippe et al. [65]	2010	Vascular endothelial Oxidative stress	8 weeks	↓ Oxidative stress ↓ Blood glucose ↓ TG ↑ NO bioavailability ↑ Arterial expression of SIRT1
CRD	Animal study	Donato et al. [66]	2013	Oxidative stress Cardiovascular	30–31 months	↓ NADPH oxidase activity ↓ Oxidative stress ↓ TG ↓ BW ↑ SOD activity ↑ Catalase
CRD	Animal study	Kobara et al. [67]	2015	Cardiovascular Oxidative stress	4 weeks	↓ ROS ↓ Cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis
CRD	Animal study	Waldman et al. [68]	2018	Cardiovascular Glucose profile	4 weeks	↓ Oxidative stress ↓ Inflammation ↑ SIRT1
CRD	Animal study	An et al. [69]	2020	Cardiovascular Iron metabolism	12 weeks	↓ Cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis ↓ Cardiac inflammation ⇅ Cellular regulation of iron homeostasis
CRD	Human study	Wadden et al. [70]	1998	Leptin Body composition	40 weeks	↓ BW ↓ FM ↓ Serum leptin
CRD	Human study	Nakano et al. [71]	2001	Glucose profile ANS Body composition	2 weeks	↓ BMI ↓ BW ↓ TG ↓ HOMA-index ↓ SBP ↓ DBP
CRD	Human study	Facchini et al. [72]	2003	Cardiovascular Body composition	3 weeks	↓ BMI ↓ Heart rate ↑ Parasympathetic activity
CRD	Human study	Das et al. [73]	2007	Body composition Lipid profile	12 months	↓ FM ↓ BW ↓ TG ↓ insulin ↓ LDL-c ↓ TC ↑ HDL-c
CRD	Human study	Lecoultre et al. [74]	2011	Body composition Leptin	6 months	↓ BW ↓ Mean 24 h circulating leptin ↓ Urinary norepinephrine
CRD	Human study	Stewart et al. [75]	2013	Body composition Lipid profile	24 months	↓ LDL-c ↓ TC/HDL-c↓ TG ↓ DBP ↓ BW ↓ BMI ↓ FM ↓ MSS ↑ IS
CRD	Human study	Ruggenenti et al. [76]	2017	Renal function Glucose profile Body composition	6 months	↓ WC ↓ BW ↓ BMI ↓ BG ↓ HbA_1c
CRD	Human study	Most et al. [77]	2018	Cardiovascular Glucose profile	24 months	↓ VAT ↓ SAAT ↓ SBP ↓ DBP ↓ TC ↓ LDL-c ↓ IR
CRD	Human study	Kraus et al. [78]	2019	Body composition Lipid profile Glucose profile Cardiovascular Lipidic profile	24 months	↓ LDL-c ↓ TC/HDL-c ↓ SBP ↓ DBP ↓ MSS ↑ IS
DASH DIET	Human study	Harsha et al. [79]	1999	Cardiovascular	8 weeks	↓ SBP ↓ DBP
IF	Human study	Arnason et al. [80]	2017	Glucose profile Body composition	6 weeks	↓ BW ↓ BMI
IF	Human study	Erdem et al. [81]	2018	Cardiovascular	-	↓ SBP ↓ Heart rate ↓ USE
IF	Human study	Furmli et al. [82]	2018	Glucose profile Body composition	12 weeks	↓ HbA_1c ↓ BW ↓ WC
IF	Human study	Wilhelmi de Toledo et al. [83]	2019	Cardiovascular Glucose profile Body composition Lipidic profile	24 months	↓ SBP ↓ DBP ↓ BW ↓ Abdominal circumference ↓ Blood glucose ↓ TG ↓ LDL-c ↓ HDL-c ↓ TC ↑ Physical and emotional well-being
CRD vs IF	Animal study	Magger et al. [84]	2006	Cardiovascular Body composition	16 weeks	↓ BW ↓ Heart rate ↓ SBP ↓ DBP ↓ Blood glucose

Abbreviations: ANS, autonomic nervous system; BG, blood glucose; BMI, body mass index; BW, body weight; CRD, caloric restriction diet; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FM, fat mass; HbA_1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IF, intermittent fasting; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; IR, insulin resistance; IS, insulin sensitivity; LDL-c, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; MSS, metabolic syndrome score; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NO, nitric oxide; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SAAT, subcutaneus abdominal adipose tissue; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SIRT1, sirtuin 1; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; USE, urinary sodium excretion; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; WC, waist circumference, ↑ increase, ↓ decrease.