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. 2021 Jan 19;22(2):948. doi: 10.3390/ijms22020948

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Moonlighting of cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and the temperature-dependent alternative splicing of FLOWERING LOCUS M (FLM) in Arabidopsis. (a) Moonlighting of cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPC) (Based on Kim et al., 2020 [64]). The heat responses require GAPC and NF-YC10 interactions, and GAPC, which is normally located in the cytosol, enters the nucleus in response to heat. In the nucleus, GAPC binds to transcription factor NF-YC10 to increase the expression of heat-inducible genes, rendering Arabidopsis tolerant to heat stress. (b) Alternative splicing of FLM in response to the temperature. Modified from Capovilla et al., 2017 [74]. FLM has two splice variants, FLM-β and FLM-δ, in Arabidopsis, resulting from the temperature-dependent alternative splicing of FLM pre-mRNA via a mutually exclusive event (with Exon 2 or 3). The ratio of the two splicing isoforms, FLM-β/FLM-δ, fine-tunes the flowering time and is regulated by the ambient temperature.