Table 1.
General characteristics.
| Variables | Asian (n = 123) |
Black (n = 1716) |
Hispanic (n = 1752) |
White (n = 391) |
Other (n = 317) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age-years | ||||||
| <55 | 38 (30.9) | 453 (26.4) | 573 (32.7) | 58 (14.8) | 89 (28.1) | <0.001 |
| 55–65 | 38 (30.9) | 415 (24.2) | 378 (21.6) | 64 (16.4) | 89 (28.1) | |
| 65–75 | 21 (17.1) | 402 (23.4) | 364 (20.8) | 126 (32.2) | 76 (24) | |
| >75 | 26 (21.1) | 446 (26) | 437 (24.9) | 143 (36.6) | 63 (19.9) | |
| Female sex, n (%) | 49 (39.8) | 881 (51.3) | 790 (45.1) | 161 (41.2) | 125 (39.4) | <0.001 |
| Household income, k-US median (IQR) | 28.3 (21.7–29.3) | 26.8 (21.7–29.3) | 21.7 (17.9–28.3) | 29.3 (24.4–31.6) | 28.3 (21.7–31.1) | <0.001 |
| SES quartiles, n (%) | ||||||
| Quartile 1 | 12 (13) | 284(19.3) | 457 (33.2) | 39 (11.9) | 41 (16.9) | <0.001 |
| Quartile 2 | 33 (35.9) | 315 (21.4) | 483 (35.1) | 44 (13.4) | 56 (23) | |
| Quartile 3 | 29 (31.5) | 486 (32.9) | 239 (17.4) | 92 (28) | 67 (27.6) | |
| Quartile 4 | 18 (19.6) | 390 (26.4) | 198 (14.4) | 154 (46.8) | 79 (32.5) | |
| Population density-k, median (IQR) | 44.4 (29.9–52.1) | 35.9 (27.9–46.4) | 44.4 (29.9–65.3) | 29.9 (13–44.4) | 36.5 (25.1–52) | <0.001 |
| Poverty index, median (IQR) | 1 (0.57–1.01) | 0.63 (0.45–1.01) | 0.98 (0.57–1.75) | 0.45 (0.36–0.98) | 0.98 (0.45–1.01) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2, n (%) | ||||||
| 18–24.9 | 36 (35.3) | 416 (26.3) | 426 (26.8) | 122 (34.1) | 85 (29.5) | <0.001 |
| 25–29.9 | 42 (41.2) | 475 (30) | 529 (33.2) | 110 (30.7) | 106 (36.8) | |
| >30 | 24 (23.5) | 693 (43.8) | 636 (40) | 126 (35.2) | 106 (36.8) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||||
| Current | 4 (6.1) | 85 (7.9) | 70 (7) | 22 (9.2) | 3 (1.9) | 0.001 |
| Former | 10 (15.2) | 335 (31.1) | 321 (32.1) | 93 (38.8) | 47 (29) | |
| Never | 52 (78.8) | 658 (61) | 610 (60.9) | 125 (52.1) | 112 (69.1) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 25 (20.3) | 442 (25.8) | 340 (19.4) | 61 (15.6) | 61 (19.2) | <0.001 |
| Myocardial Infarction, n (%) | 8 (6.5) | 106 (6.2) | 141 (8) | 42 (10.7) | 15 (4.7) | 0.052 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 15 (12.2) | 338 (19.7) | 292 (16.7) | 76 (19.4) | 34 (10.7) | 0.004 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 23 (18.7) | 268 (15.6) | 214 (12.2) | 53 (13.6) | 37 (11.7) | 0.002 |
| Dementia, n (%) | 8 (6.5) | 219 (12.8) | 195 (11.1) | 62 (15.9) | 25 (7.9) | 0.002 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease, n (%) | 4 (3.3) | 26 (1.5) | 32 (1.8) | 4 (1) | 7 (2.2) | 0.569 |
| Renal disease, n (%) | 25 (20.3) | 519 (30.2) | 415 (23.7) | 80 (20.5) | 69 (21.8) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 48 (39) | 638 (37.2) | 628 (35.8) | 168 (43) | 127 (40.1) | 0.010 |
| Oxygen saturation <94%, n (%) | 58 (47.9) | 566 (34.3) | 683 (40.4) | 156 (42.3) | 126 (40.5) | <0.001 |
| Temperature >38 °C, n (%) | 30 (24.8) | 325 (19.7) | 328 (19.5) | 62 (16.8) | 58 (18.6) | 0.404 |
| Troponin >0.1 ng/ml, n (%) | 9 (8.9) | 196 (12.9) | 152 (9.9) | 40 (11.4) | 31 (11.1) | 0.111 |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) >60 mm/h, n (%) | 33 (71.7) | 265 (69.7) | 285 (67.2) | 50 (55.6) | 41 (59.4) | 0.065 |
| C-reactive protein >10 mg/l, n (%) | 63 (58.9) | 687 (48.2) | 766 (51.4) | 148 (46.4) | 118 (44) | 0.024 |
| D-dimer >3 μg/ml, n (%) | 25 (25) | 487 (36.6) | 414 (29.4) | 113 (36.5) | 70 (28.2) | <0.001 |
| Interleukin-6 >150 pg/ml, n (%) | 10 (18.2) | 89 (12.2) | 93 (11.3) | 24 (14) | 14 (9.7) | 0.442 |
| Hemoglobin <12 g/dl, n (%) | 44 (37.3) | 680 (40.6) | 546 (32) | 123 (32.3) | 109 (35.2) | <0.001 |
| Platelets-k per mm3 <100 k, n (%) | 4 (3.4) | 77 (4.6) | 75 (4.4) | 17 (4.5) | 11 (3.5) | 0.913 |
| White blood cells-k per mm3 >10,800, n (%) | 44 (37.3) | 675 (40.3) | 661 (38.8) | 156 (40.9) | 115 (37.1) | 0.710 |
| Fibrinogen >500 mg/dl, n (%) | 60 (75.9) | 726 (75) | 797 (77.5) | 138 (63) | 140 (76.5) | <0.001 |
| Ferritin >300 μg/l, n (%) | 79 (84.9) | 1002 (83.5) | 1018 (78.2) | 217 (78.9) | 192 (83.5) | 0.008 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase >40 U/l, n (%) | 64 (55.2) | 783 (48.1) | 809 (48.8) | 158 (42.8) | 157 (52) | 0.076 |
| Alanine aminotransferase >40 U/l, n (%) | 36 (31) | 443 (26.9) | 539 (32.3) | 88 (23.5) | 94 (30.8) | 0.001 |
| International normalized ratio (INR) >1.2, n (%) | 16 (14.2) | 300 (19.2) | 320 (20.1) | 96 (26.9) | 50 (17.1) | 0.004 |
| Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) >35 s, n (%) | 57 (53.8) | 490 (33.7) | 554 (38.1) | 118 (35.9) | 98 (36) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine >1.5 μmol/l, n (%) | 27 (22.9) | 710 (42.5) | 453 (26.6) | 106 (27.8) | 90 (28.9) | <0.001 |
| Procalcitonin >0.1 ng/ml, n (%) | 57 (65.5) | 681 (64.4) | 714 (59.5) | 138 (49.6) | 115 (58.7) | <0.001 |
| Sodium >145 mmol/l, n (%) | 9 (7.6) | 207 (12.4) | 129 (7.6) | 42 (11) | 23 (7.4) | <0.001 |
| LDH >280 U/l, n (%) | 84 (79.2) | 1191 (79.2) | 1151 (74.1) | 230 (69.1) | 219 (77.4) | <0.001 |
| Treatment & medication | ||||||
| Intubation, n (%) | 32 (26) | 260 (15.2) | 263 (15) | 53 (13.6) | 58 (18.3) | 0.008 |
| Anticoagulant, n (%) | 62 (50.4) | 830 (48.4) | 864 (49.3) | 184 (47.1) | 149 (47) | 0.870 |
| COVID-19 medication, n (%) | 90 (73.2) | 1423 (82.9) | 1425 (81.3) | 324 (82.9) | 249 (78.5) | 0.018 |
| Steroids, n (%) | 30 (24.4) | 293 (17.1) | 327 (18.7) | 67 (17.1) | 68 (21.5) | 0.116 |
Missing data: Median household income (n = 4), poverty index (n = 250), socio-economic status quartile (n = 821), BMI (n = 770), smoking status (n = 1886), oxygen saturation (n = 182), temperature (n = 160), troponin (n = 866), ESR (n = 3707), C-reactive protein (n = 1253), d-dimer (n = 1419), interleukin-6 (n = 2864), hemoglobin (n = 370), platelets (n = 370), white-blood cell count (n = 370), fibrinogen (n = 2351), ferritin (n = 1737), AST (n = 555), ALT (n = 493), INR (n = 761), PTT (n = 1136), creatinine (n = 378), procalcitonin (n = 2025), sodium (n = 386) and LDH (n = 1032).