Table 3.
APL and APS cases associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
| Number of patients | Sex | Mean or median age (years) | Number of patients with APL (n° or n°/tot tested) | APL (n°/tot tested) | Manifestations in APL population | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | 2 M 1 F |
69 65 70 |
3 | aCL IgA 3/3 anti–β2-GPI IgA and IgG 3/3 |
Multiple cerebral infarctions, lower limbs and hand finger ischemia | [131] |
| 2 | 1 M 1 F |
58 29 |
2 | aCL IgG and IgM 2/2 | Splenic infarct, cerebral infarction – peroneal and tibial artery thrombosis | [132] |
| 1 | M | 82 | 1 | aCL IgA, IgM, IgG | Pulmonary embolism | [133] |
| 2 | 2 M | 79 | 1 | aCL IgM | Multiple cerebral infarcts | [134] |
| 1 | F | 49 | 1 | aCL IgG and IgM | Deep vein thrombosis in the four extremities | [135] |
| 1 | M | 72 | 1 | aCL IgM and anti-β2-GPI IgM | ICU patient, no evident thrombosis but signs of endothelial stimulation | [136] |
| 24 | 14 M 10 F | 64.3 | 2 | aCL IgM 2/24 anti-β2-GPI IgM 2/24 |
Venous thromboembolism | [45] |
| 57 | 122 M 28 F | 63 | 50 | LAC 50/57 aCL IgM 1/57 | Thrombotic events | [137] |
| 35 | 24 M 11 F |
56.6 | 31 | LAC 31/34 | Venous thrombosis | [138] |
| 25 | 17 M 8 F | 47.7 | 24 | aCL IgG 13/25 aCL IgM 5/25 aCL IgA 7/25 a-β2-GPI IgG 1/25 a-β2-GPI IgM 0/25 a-β2-GPI IgA 3/25 LAC 23/25 |
Massive pulmonary embolism | [46] |
| 79 | 45 M 34 F | ≈57 | 31 | aCL IgG 4/79 aCL IgM 2/79 aCL IgA 17/79 a-β2-GPI IgG 12/79 a-β2-GPI IgM 1/79 a-β2-GPI IgA 19/79 LAC 2/79 |
Cerebral infarction, myocardial infarction | [44] |
| 35 | 26 M 9 F | 73 | 3 | aCL IgG 1/35 aCL IgM 2/35 aPS/PT IgG 1/35 aPS/PT IgM 2/35 |
Multiple recent microvascular and macrovascular thrombosis at autopsy | [139] |
| 122 | 60 M 62 F | 54.3 | 41 | aCL IgG 15/112 aCL IgM 3/112 aCL IgA 2/121 a-β2-GPI IgG 7/112 a-β2-GPI IgM 8/112 a-β2-GPI IgA 4/121 LAC 16/72 |
10 Thrombosis (venous or arterial) | [140] |
| 31 | 28 M 3 F | 63 | 23 | aCL IgG 6/31 aCL IgM 1/31 aCL IgA 3/31 a-β2-GPI IgG 3/31 a-β2-GPI IgM 1/31 a-β2-GPI IgA 3/31 LAC 21/31 aPS/PT 7/31 |
7 Thrombosis (venous or arterial) | [141] |
| 74 | N.A. | 63.5 | 65 | aCL IgG or aCL IgM or a-β2-GPI IgG or a-β2-GPI IgM or a-β2-GPI IgA 9/74 LAC 63/74 |
5 Thrombosis (venous or arterial) | [142] |
| 86 | 54 M 32 F | 66.6 | 12/31 | aCL IgG or aCL IgM or a-β2-GPI IgG or a-β2-GPI IgM or a-β2-GPI IgA or LAC 12/31 | 5 Acute ischemic strokes | [143] |
| 1 | M | 69 | 1 | aCL IgG and IgM, LAC | Thrombotic microangiopathy | [144] |
| 844 | 405 M 439 F | 59 | 7/9 | aCL IgG or aCL IgM or a-β2-GPI IgG or a-β2-GPI IgM or LAC 7/9 | 7 Acute ischemic strokes | [145] |
| 68 | 34 M 34 F | ≈57 | 30 | aCL IgG 0/62 aCL IgM 1/62 a-β2-GPI IgG 0/62 a-β2-GPI IgM 1/60 LAC 30/68 |
19 Thrombosis (venous or arterial) | [146] |
| 21 | 9 M 12 F | 62 | 12 | aCL IgG 2/21 aCL IgM 3/21 a-β2-GPI IgG 1/21 a-β2-GPI IgM 0/21 LAC 21/31 aPS/PT/annexin IgG or IgM 11/21 |
2 Pulmonary thromboembolisms | [147] |
| 1 | M | 31 | 1 | aCL IgM, LAC | No thrombotic event | [148] |
| 27 | 12 M 15 F | 58 | 7 | aCL IgG or IgM 0/27 a-β2-GPI IgG or IgM a-β2-GPI IgA 1/27 LAC 6/27 |
3 Thrombosis (venous or arterial) | [149] |
| 1 | F | 34 | 1 | LAC | Acute ischemic stroke | [150] |
| 43 | 27 M 16 F | ≈63.2 | 16 | aCL IgG or IgM 0/43 a-β2-GPI IgG or IgM 0/43 LAC 16/43 |
1 Thrombosis | [151] |
| 1 | M | 48 | 1 | aCL IgG and IgM a-β2-GPI IgG and IgM LAC |
APS flare with limb arterial ischemia | [152] |
| 89 | 61 M 7 F | 68 | 64 | aCL IgG or IgM 7/89 a-β2-GPI IgG or IgM 6/89 LAC 59/89 |
6 Deep vein thrombosis, 6 pulmonary embolisms | [153] |
| 33 | 17 M 16 F |
70 | 8 | aCL IgG 5/33 aCL IgM 6/33 a-β2-GPI IgG 2/33 a-β2-GPI IgM 2/33 |
No thrombotic events | [154] |
| 64 | 32 M 32 F | 62 | 64 | aCL IgG or IgM a-β2-GPI IgG or IgM |
N.A. | [155] |
| 19 | 10 M 9 F | 65 | 10 | aCL IgG 2/10 aCL IgM 1/10 aCL IgA 6/10 a-β2-GPI IgG 6/10 a-β2-GPI IgM 0/10 a-β2-GPI IgA 7/10 LAC 1/10 |
4 Acute ischemic strokes | [156] |
| 2369 | N.A. | N.A. | 1 | aPL (not defined) | N.A. | [157] |
| 56 | 33 M 23 F | 66 | 24 | aCL IgG 16/56 aCL IgM 3/56 a-β2-GPI IgG 1/56 a-β2-GPI IgM 4/56 |
N.A. | [158] |
| 56 | N.A. | N.A. | 30 | aCL or a-β2-GPI IgG or IgM 5/56 LAC 25/56 |
N.A. | [43] |
| 1 | M | 31 | 1 | LAC | Acute limb ischemia, myocardial infarction | [159] |
| 1 | F | 30 | 1 | aCL IgG and IgM, a-β2-GPI IgG and IgM, LAC | No thrombotic events, Evans syndrome | [160] |
Abbreviations. aPL: antiphospholipid antibody. APS: antiphospholipid syndrome. M: male. F: female. aCL: anti-cardiolipin antibody. Ig: immunoglobulin. A-β2-GPI: anti-beta2glycoprotein I. N.A.: information not available. ICU: intensive care unit. PTT: partial thromboplastin time. LAC: lupus anticoagulant. aPS/PT: anti phosphatidylserine/prothrombin.