Table 3.
association between Sociodemographic Characteristics and the psychological impact of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in the PSS10, PHQ-9 and IES-R Scales.
| Variables | n (%) | PSS10 | PHQ-9 | IES-R | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bootstrap | Bootstrap | Bootstrap | ||||||||||||||||||
| Meanª | SE | B | 95% IC | Meanª | SE | B | 95% IC | Meanª | SE | B | 95% IC | |||||||||
| Country | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Italy | 420 (26.1) | 21.14 | 0.76 | 5.15** | 4.01 | to | 6.30 | 10.44 | 0.78 | 4.31** | 3.40 | to | 5.20 | 36.36 | 2.08 | 2.23 | −0.35 | to | 4.76 | |
| United States | 158 (9.8) | 18.52 | 0.84 | 2.53** | 1.34 | to | 3.83 | 9.89 | 0.84 | 3.77** | 2.51 | to | 5.00 | 35.90 | 2.23 | 1.77 | −1.17 | to | 4.82 | |
| Ecuador | 149 (9.2) | 19.25 | 0.80 | 3.27** | 2.06 | to | 4.58 | 8.75 | 0.89 | 2.63** | 1.20 | to | 3.97 | 39.82 | 2.50 | 5.70* | 1.17 | to | 9.65 | |
| Norway | 107 (6.6) | 18.87 | 0.88 | 2.89** | 1.39 | to | 4.61 | 10.13 | 0.81 | 4.01 | 2.65 | to | 5.48 | 29.81 | 2.16 | −4.31* | −7.76 | to | −0.48 | |
| Iran | 216 (13.4) | 17.37 | 0.80 | 1.39* | 0.30 | to | 2.53 | 9.37 | 0.88 | 3.25** | 2.03 | to | 4.53 | 41.75 | 2.23 | 7.62** | 4.97 | to | 10.79 | |
| Australia | 130 (8.1) | 19.65 | 0.84 | 3.67** | 2.42 | to | 5.14 | 9.71 | 0.87 | 3.58** | 2.30 | to | 4.85 | 34.72 | 2.25 | 0.59 | −2.88 | to | 4.38 | |
| China | 432 (26.8) | 15.98 | 0.74 | 6.13 | 0.80 | 34.13 | 2.05 | |||||||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Male | 644 (40) | 17.59 | 0.68 | −2.20** | −2.86 | to | −1.57 | 8.77 | 0.72 | −0.87** | −1.50 | to | −0.27 | 34.41 | 1.93 | −3.32** | −4.89 | to | −1.80 | |
| Female | 968 (60) | 19.78 | 0.68 | 9.64 | 0.75 | 37.73 | 1.90 | |||||||||||||
| Declared income | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Low | 190 (11.8) | 19.69 | 0.71 | 1.79 | −0.62 | to | 4.37 | 10.17 | 0.82 | 1.94* | 0.14 | to | 3.55 | 37.79 | 2.15 | 4.16 | −1.31 | to | 10.60 | |
| Medium-low | 358 (22.2) | 18.89 | 0.71 | 0.99 | −1.24 | to | 3.22 | 9.55 | 0.77 | 1.33 | −0.39 | to | 2.70 | 36.64 | 1.99 | 3.01 | −2.50 | to | 8.70 | |
| Medium | 808 (50.1) | 18.90 | 0.66 | 1.01 | −1.06 | to | 3.32 | 9.35 | 0.71 | 1.12 | −0.39 | to | 2.54 | 36.80 | 1.85 | 3.16 | −2.21 | to | 8.72 | |
| Medium-high | 228 (14.1) | 18.05 | 0.76 | 0.16 | −2.17 | to | 2.52 | 8.73 | 0.80 | 0.50 | −1.14 | to | 2.00 | 35.49 | 2.09 | 1.86 | −3.61 | to | 7.42 | |
| High | 28 (1.7) | 17.89 | 1.26 | 8.22 | 0.97 | 33.63 | 3.11 | |||||||||||||
| Education | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No answer | 48 (3) | 19.38 | 0.86 | −0.16 | −1.50 | to | 1.33 | 8.57 | 0.93 | −0.27 | −1.83 | to | 1.36 | 35.63 | 2.09 | 0.07 | −3.56 | to | 4.00 | |
| Primary school | 6 (0.4) | 18.17 | 2.34 | −1.37 | −5.92 | to | 3.47 | 10.91 | 3.09 | 2.07 | −4.37 | to | 8.95 | 43.42 | 8.61 | 7.87 | −12.62 | to | 24.29 | |
| Middle school | 15 (0.9) | 17.39 | 1.50 | −2.15 | −4.97 | to | 0.45 | 9.75 | 1.47 | 0.91 | −2.10 | to | 3.71 | 33.98 | 4.24 | −1.57 | −9.51 | to | 7.00 | |
| High school | 358 (22.2) | 18.65 | 0.60 | −0.90 | −2.09 | to | 0.17 | 9.12 | 0.60 | 0.28 | −0.74 | to | 1.27 | 34.99 | 1.50 | −0.56 | −3.70 | to | 2.32 | |
| Bachelor's degree | 432 (26.8) | 18.90 | 0.57 | −0.64 | −1.69 | to | 0.39 | 8.92 | 0.56 | 0.08 | −0.89 | to | 1.17 | 34.81 | 1.43 | −0.74 | −3.58 | to | 1.97 | |
| Master's degree | 514 (31.9) | 18.76 | 0.60 | −0.78 | −1.66 | to | 0.10 | 8.31 | 0.62 | −0.53 | −1.42 | to | 0.39 | 34.12 | 1.52 | −1.43 | −3.88 | to | 0.98 | |
| Ph.D. or post-graduated school | 239 (14.8) | 19.54 | 0.66 | 8.84 | 0.67 | 35.55 | 1.71 | |||||||||||||
| Employment | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No answer | 44 (2.7) | 19.02 | 1.07 | 0.82 | −1.14 | to | 3.04 | 9.51 | 1.10 | 0.78 | −1.01 | to | 2.79 | 34.84 | 2.75 | −2.30 | −6.79 | to | 2.70 | |
| Unemployed | 117 (7.3) | 18.39 | 0.82 | 0.18 | −0.97 | to | 1.57 | 9.55 | 0.83 | 0.82 | −0.23 | to | 1.90 | 36.67 | 2.10 | −0.47 | −3.18 | to | 2.13 | |
| Student | 732 (45.4) | 19.26 | 0.71 | 1.05 | 0.30 | to | 1.78 | 8.95 | 0.76 | 0.22 | −0.51 | to | 0.93 | 36.53 | 2.03 | −0.62 | −2.33 | to | 1.31 | |
| Student worker | 130 (8.1) | 18.55 | 0.86 | 0.34 | −1.02 | to | 1.51 | 9.28 | 0.84 | 0.55 | −0.53 | to | 1.64 | 35.16 | 2.36 | −1.99 | −5.26 | to | 0.88 | |
| Workers | 589 (36.5) | 18.21 | 0.64 | 8.73 | 0.73 | 37.15 | 1.92 | |||||||||||||
| Do you have children? | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 1351 (83.8) | 18.71 | 0.66 | 0.05 | −0.82 | to | 0.88 | 9.50 | 0.73 | 0.59 | −0.26 | to | 1.36 | 34.63 | 1.89 | −2.88** | −4.77 | to | −0.90 | |
| Yes | 261 (16.2) | 18.66 | 0.71 | 8.91 | 0.76 | 37.51 | 1.99 | |||||||||||||
| What is the larger open-air space in your home? | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No open air spaces | 230 (14.3) | 19.52 | 0.79 | 1.25 | 0.31 | to | 2.16 | 9.86 | 0.82 | 0.84 | −0.09 | to | 1.80 | 36.63 | 2.08 | 0.65 | −1.96 | to | 2.96 | |
| Balconies and terraces | 529 (32.8) | 18.14 | 0.68 | −0.14 | −0.84 | to | 0.59 | 8.96 | 0.73 | −0.06 | −0.64 | to | 0.57 | 35.57 | 1.92 | −0.41 | −2.07 | to | 1.51 | |
| Condominium courtyard | 268 (16.6) | 18.82 | 0.71 | 0.55 | −0.38 | to | 1.58 | 8.96 | 0.75 | −0.07 | −0.84 | to | 0.73 | 36.10 | 2.03 | 0.12 | −2.13 | to | 2.47 | |
| Private garden | 585 (36.3) | 18.26 | 0.68 | 9.03 | 0.74 | 35.98 | 1.99 | |||||||||||||
| Do you know anyone infected with COVID-19? | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 509 (31.6) | 18.96 | 0.71 | 0.54 | −0.18 | to | 1.23 | 9.41 | 0.76 | 0.42 | −0.20 | to | 1.04 | 37.11 | 1.97 | 2.08* | 0.47 | to | 3.67 | |
| No | 1103 (68.4) | 18.41 | 0.65 | 8.99 | 0.70 | 35.03 | 1.88 | |||||||||||||
Note: Results refer to the 3 regression linear models with PSS10, PHQ-9 and IES-R as dependent variables, linked to ANCOVA model. Covariates in the model are MAAS, Brief-COPE Avoidant and Brief-COPE Approach. To obtain the group means (ª), covariates are evaluated on the following values: MAAS = 61.16, Brief-COPE Avoidant = 26.15, Brief-COPE Approach = 35.40. Confidence intervals at 95% are obtained with bootstrap standard errors with 500 resamples. T-tests are evaluated at 5% (*p<.05), 1% (**p<.01), and 0.1% (***p<.001).