Table 2.
Patient characteristics on admission.
| All patients (n = 255) | Nonsurvivors (n = 70) | Survivors (n = 185) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 66 ± 17 | 78 ± 11 | 62 ± 17 | <0.0001 |
| Sex (n, %) | ||||
| - Female | 105 (41) | 28 (40) | 77 (42) | 0.89 |
| - Male | 150 (59) | 42 (60) | 108 (58) | |
| Current smoker (n, %) | 9 (4) | 3 (4) | 6 (3) | 0.71 |
| Previous smoker (n, %) | 103 (40) | 38 (54) | 65 (35) | 0.07 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.4 (24.3–31.1) | 27.2 (23.9–30.0) | 27.5 (24.6–31.6) | 0.15 |
| Clinical Frailty Scale category of patients aged ≥65 years (n, %) | n = 143 | n = 63 | n = 80 | |
| - Fit (levels 1–3) | 38 (27) | 5 (8) | 33 (41) | <0.0001 |
| - Vulnerable (level 4) | 34 (24) | 15 (24) | 19 (24) | 1.0 |
| - Mildly frail (level 5) | 38 (27) | 17 (27) | 21 (26) | 1.0 |
| - Moderately to severely frail (level 6 or 7) | 33 (23) | 26 (41) | 7 (9) | <0.0001 |
| Comorbidity (n, %) | ||||
| - Hypertension | 137 (54) | 50 (71) | 87 (47) | 0.0007 |
| - Diabetes mellitus | 78 (31) | 25 (36) | 53 (29) | 0.29 |
| - Obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) | 63 (25) | 15 (21) | 48 (26) | 0.52 |
| - Chronic kidney disease | 49 (19) | 28 (40) | 21 (11) | <0.0001 |
| - Ischemic heart disease | 34 (13) | 14 (20) | 20 (11) | 0.06 |
| - Chronic heart failure | 31 (12) | 15 (21) | 16 (9) | 0.009 |
| - Previous stroke | 23 (9) | 13 (19) | 10 (5) | 0.002 |
| - Dementia | 15 (6) | 10 (14) | 5 (3) | 0.001 |
| - Neurological disease | 7 (3) | 2 (3) | 5 (3) | 1.0 |
| - Asthma | 33 (13) | 6 (9) | 27 (15) | 0.30 |
| - COPD | 14 (5) | 6 (9) | 8 (4) | 0.22 |
| - Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome | 5 (2) | 2 (3) | 3 (2) | 0.62 |
| - Rheumatic disease | 11 (4) | 4 (6) | 7 (4) | 0.50 |
| - Active cancer | 12 (5) | 5 (7) | 7 (4) | 0.32 |
| - None of above comorbidities | 47 (18) | 3 (4) | 44 (24) | 0.0001 |
| - ≥3 of above comorbidities | 89 (35) | 37 (53) | 52 (28) | 0.0004 |
| Ongoing medication (n, %) | ||||
| - ACEi/ARB | 89 (35) | 28 (40) | 61 (33) | 0.31 |
| - Anticoagulant treatment | 49 (19) | 20 (29) | 29 (16) | 0.03 |
| - Statin therapy | 69 (27) | 22 (31) | 47 (25) | 0.35 |
| Immunosuppressive drugs | 13 (5) | 7 (10) | 6 (3) | 0.049 |
| Blood biochemistry on admission | ||||
| - C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 76 (35–132) | 71 (27–129) | 76 (36–133) | 0.95 |
| - White blood cell count (×109/L) | 6.5 (4.9–8.4) | 7.0 (5.1–9.3) | 6.2 (4.9–7.7) | 0.04 |
| - Lymphocyte count (×109/L) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.003 |
| - Platelet count (×109/L) | 195 (154–247) | 172 (135–238) | 200 (167–254) | 0.01 |
| - Creatinine (μmol/L) | 81 (65–105) | 103 (80–161) | 76 (61–92) | <0.0001 |
Data are presented as the number and percentage in parentheses, the mean ± standard deviation, or the median and the interquartile range in parentheses. P values show comparison of data between survivors and nonsurvivors.
ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor antagonist; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.