Figure 3.

The central dogma of systems biology showing the flow of information from DNA to phenotype. Step-wise presentation of OMICS approaches for studying abiotic stress responses. Ultimately, the integration of omics tools, primarily genomics (mainly single-cell/tissue-specific) leads toward the genetic improvement of rapeseed by modulating several agronomic traits such as environmental stress tolerance, yield, plant height, seed rate, flowering, photosynthesis, and respiration rate, root and shoot length, grain quality and yield, biomass production, etc