Figure 1.

Intestinal changes after vancomycin treatment

Healthy lean (n = 10) and obese people with metabolic syndrome (n = 10) were given vancomycin for 7 days. The total amount of intestinal bacteria decreased after treatment (a). Vancomycin treatment increased Proteobacteria (b) but decreased Firmicutes (c), Clostridia (d), and Bacteroidetes (e). Lastly, it increased intestinal free IgA (f), IgM (g), IgA-coated bacteria (h), bacterial flagellin (i), lipopolysaccharide (j). Statistical analysis was performed using paired t-test (a, c, h) or Wilcoxon signed-rank test (b, d – g, j, i): *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001, ****p < .0001.