Table 1.
Characteristics of the women by true positive and false negative HIP diagnoses applying universal screening.
| Total | True positive diagnoses | False negative diagnoses | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 467 | n = 266 | n = 201 | ||
| OGTT between 22 and 30 WG | ||||
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.1 (0.6) | 5.5 (0.5) | 4.5 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 5.1 mmol/L | 254 (54.4) | 254 (95.5) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| 1-hour plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 9.6 (1.9) | 9.3 (2.2) | 10.1 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| 2-hour plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 8.4 (1.9) | 8.1 (2.2) | 8.8 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| Gestational age when OGTT (WG) | 26.2 (1.9) | 26.1 (1.9) | 26.3 (1.9) | 0.46 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.2 (0.5) | 5.3 (0.5) | 5.0 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 33 (6) | 34 (6) | 31 (4) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c ≥ 5.7% (39 mmol/mol) | 70 (15) | 70 (26.3) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Gestational age when HbA1c (WG) | 29.3 (2.4) | 29.2 (2.3) | 29.4 (2.4) | 0.35 |
| Glycaemic status (reference standard: IADPSG/WHO criteria) | 0.08 | |||
| GDM | 435 (93.1) | 243 (91.4) | 192 (95.5) | |
| DIP | 32 (6.9) | 23 (8.6) | 9 (4.5) | |
| Characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | 33.2 (5.4) | 33.2 (5.4) | 33.0 (5.5) | 0.70 |
| Preconception body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.8 (5.8) | 27.6 (6.1) | 25.8 (5.1) | 0.001 |
| Preconception hypertension | 9 (1.9) | 5 (1.9) | 4 (2.0) | 1 |
| Family history of diabetes | 139 (29.8) | 82 (30.8) | 57 (28.5) | 0.56 |
| Employment | 201 (43.2) | 118 (44.7) | 83 (41.5) | 0.46 |
| Smoking before pregnancy | 37 (7.9) | 23 (8.6) | 14 (7.0) | 0.51 |
| Parity (n) | 2.3 (1.2) | 2.3 (1.2) | 2.2 (1.2) | 0.30 |
| Previous pregnancy(ies) | ||||
| History of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy | 0.83* | |||
| First child | 145 (31.0) | 72 (27.1) | 73 (36.3) | |
| No | 243 (52.0) | 148 (55.6) | 95 (47.3) | |
| Yes | 79 (16.9) | 46 (17.3) | 33 (16.4) | |
| History of macrosomia | 0.12* | |||
| First child | 145 (31.0) | 72 (27.1) | 73 (36.3) | |
| No | 298 (63.8) | 176 (66.2) | 122 (60.7) | |
| Yes | 24 (5.1) | 18 (6.8) | 6 (3.0) | |
| History of hypertensive disorders | 0.72* | |||
| First pregnancy | 105 (22.5) | 50 (18.8) | 55 (27.4) | |
| No | 344 (73.7) | 205 (77.1) | 139 (69.2) | |
| Yes | 18 (3.9) | 11 (4.1) | 7 (3.5) | |
| History of fetal death | 0.20* | |||
| First pregnancy | 105 (22.5) | 50 (18.8) | 55 (27.4) | |
| No | 347 (74.3) | 205 (77.1) | 142 (70.6) | |
| Yes | 15 (3.2) | 11 (4.1) | 4 (2.0) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.053 | |||
| North African | 156 (33.5) | 85 (32.2) | 71 (35.3) | |
| European | 103 (22.2) | 55 (20.8) | 48 (23.9) | |
| Sub-Saharan African | 63 (13.5) | 39 (14.8) | 24 (11.9) | |
| Indian-Pakistan-Sri Lankan | 79 (17.0) | 50 (18.9) | 29 (14.4) | |
| Caribbean | 24 (5.2) | 19 (7.2) | 5 (2.5) | |
| Asian | 19 (4.1) | 8 (3.0) | 11 (5.5) | |
| Other | 21 (4.5) | 8 (3.0) | 13 (6.5) | |
| Events during pregnancy | ||||
| HIP-related event | 86 (18.4) | 52 (19.5) | 34 (16.9) | 0.47 |
| Preeclampsia | 19 (4.1) | 9 (3.4) | 10 (5.0) | 0.38 |
| Large for gestational age infant | 56 (12.0) | 36 (13.5) | 20 (10.0) | 0.24 |
| Shoulder dystocia | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Neonatal hypoglycaemia | 14 (3.0) | 8 (3.0) | 6 (3.0) | 0.99 |
| Preterm delivery | 42 (9.0) | 25 (9.4) | 17 (8.5) | 0.72 |
| Offspring hospitalization | 116 (24.9) | 75 (28.2) | 41 (20.6) | 0.06 |
| Insulin therapy during pregnancy | 252 (54.0) | 168 (63.2) | 84 (41.8) | <0.001 |
Data are n (%) or mean (standard deviation).
DIP: diabetes in pregnancy; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; HIP: hyperglycaemia in pregnancy; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; WG: weeks of gestation.
HIP-related event is a composite endpoint: preeclampsia or LGA infant or shoulder dystocia or neonatal hypoglycaemia.
*Yes vs No.