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(Left to right) the p53 signaling pathway is activated in response to external stress (UV rays, hypoxia, etc.) and functions to repair DNA damage; the Hippo signaling pathway controls cellular homeostasis and proliferation; the Nrf2/KEAP1 signaling pathway is activated in response to ROS that damage cellular components; the TRAIL-mediated signaling pathway initiates extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis of cells.
