Fig. 2.

Results of specification curve analysis for association between risk perception and emotion.

The standardised β coefficients for the association of risk perception of COVID-19 with emotion obtained from all 162 specifications (listed on x axis) are plotted at the upper half of the graph (all P<0.001). Each point represents the β coefficient of one specification, and the error bar (in grey) represents the corresponding standard error (SE). The dashed line indicates the median standardised β coefficient (median standardised β=-0.171, median SE=0.004, median sample size=54,731). At the lower half of the graph, the corresponding specifications for each level of the three model specification factors are displayed as squares.