Table 1.
General characteristics of the included studies.
| References | Study design | Country | Setting | Population size (n) | Disease caused by virus | Adjusted Estimates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aiello et al. (32) | Cluster RCT | USA | University | 930 | H1N1 Influenza | Yes |
| Aiello et al. (33) | Cluster RCT | USA | University | 816 | H1N1 Influenza | Yes |
| Al-Jasser et al. (34) | Cohort | Saudi Arabia | Hajj pilgrimage | 1,507 | URTI | No |
| Alfelali (35) | Cluster RCT | Saudi Arabia | Hajj pilgrimage | 7,687 | vRTIs and CRI | Unclear |
| Babak (36) | SIR-based | Israel | Community | 8 milions | COVID-19 | - |
| Bae et al. (37) | Controlled Comparison | South Korea | COVID-19 patients | 4 | COVID-19 | - |
| Balaban (38) | Cohort (pre-post survey) | Saudi Arabia | Hajj pilgrimage | 186 | H1N1 Influenza | No |
| Brienen et al. (39) | SIR-based | China | Community | Not reported | Influenza | - |
| Chen and Liao (40) | SIR-based | Taiwan | Nursery and primary school |
494 | Influenza | - |
| Choudhry (41) | Cohort | Saudi Arabia | Hajj pilgrimage | 1,066 | ARIs | No |
| Cui et al. (42) | SIR-based | not reported | Community | 1 million | Influenza H1N1 | - |
| D'Orazio et al. (43) | Agent-based | Italy | University campus | 5,000 | COVID-19 | - |
| Davies et al. (44) | Controlled Comparison | UK | Healthy volunteers | 21 | Influenza (represented by Bacteriophage MS2 and B atrophaeus) | - |
| De Kai et al. (45) | SIR-based + Agent-based | 38 selected countries (Asia, Europe and North America) | Community | not reported | COVID-19 | - |
| Deris (46) | Cross-sectional | Malaysia | Hajj pilgrimage | 387 | ARIs | No |
| Eikenberry et al. (13) | SIR-based | USA | Community | 1 million | COVID-19 | - |
| Emamian, (47) | Nested case-control | Iran | Hajj pilgrimage | 338 | RTI (all types) | Unclear |
| Guha et al. (48) | Bench tests | USA | Laboratory | n.a. | Viral infection (Submicron-sized aerosols) | - |
| Kim (49) | Cross-sectional | South Korea | Primary school | 7,448 | H1N1 Influenza | Unclear |
| Lai et al. (50) | Controlled Comparison (2 manikins) | China | Laboratory | n.a. | Airborne infections | |
| Lau et al. (51) | Case-control | China | Community | 990 | SARS | Yes |
| Li et al. (52) | In vivo experiments | Hong Kong | Laboratory | 10 | Viral respiratory infection | - |
| Makison Booth et al. (53) | Bench test (Head of dummy test) |
UK | Laboratory | n.a. | H1N1 and H5N1 influenza (vaccine strain of A-type virus simulation) | - |
| Milton et al. (54) | In vivo experiment | USA | Laboratory | 37 | Seasonal influenza | - |
| Mniszewski et al. (55) | Agent-based | USA | Community | 20 millions | Influenza H1N1 | - |
| Ngonghala (11) | SIR-based | USA | Community | 19.45 millions | COVID-19 | - |
| Rengasamy et al. (56) | Bench test | USA | Laboratory | n.a. | Influenza | - |
| Tian et al. (57) | SIR-based | China | Community | 159 | COVID-19 | - |
| Tracht et al. (58) | SIR-based | USA | Community | 1 million | Influenza H1N1 | - |
| Tracht et al. (59) | SIR-based | USA | Community | 302 millions | Influenza H1N1 | - |
| Uchida (60) | Cross-sectional | Japan | Community | 10,524 | Influenza | Unclear |
| van der Sande et al. (61) | Bench test | Netherlands | Laboratory | 61 | Influenza | - |
| Wu (62) | Case-control | China | Community | 375 | SARS | Unclear |
| Yan et al. (63) | SIR-based | USA | Community | Not reported | Influenza | - |
| Zhang et al. (64) | Case-control | USA-China | Airplane | 9 | H1N1 Influenza | No |