Table 1.
Summary of the published dynamic PET studies in oncology applying kinetic modeling and/or parametric imaging
| Tracer | No. of papers | No. of patients | Tumor type | Model | Goal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11C-acetate | 3 | 6–22 | PC, HCC | 3-Tissue, Patlak | Kinetics, model comparison |
| 11C-choline | 2 | 19–194 | PC | 2-Tissue, 3-tissue, Patlak | Kinetics, comparison tumor to hyperplasia |
| 11C-erlotinib, 15O-H2O | 1 | 10 | NSCLC | 3-Tissue, 2-tissue | Kinetics, comparison of tracers, therapy response |
| 15O-H2O | 5 | 6–23 | Different tumors | 2-Tissue, modified 2-tissue, parametric imaging | Kinetics, comparison of tracers, therapy response |
| 15O-H2O and 18F-FDG | 3 | 16–35 | Different tumors | 2-Tissue, 3-tissue, Patlak | Kinetics, comparison of tracers, therapy response |
| 11C-methylglucose and 18F-FDG | 2 | 7–40 | Brain | 3-Tissue | Kinetics, tracer comparison |
| 11C-methionine | 1 | 14 | Brain | 3-Tissue | Kinetics |
| 11C-thymidine | 1 | 20 | Brain | 5-Tissue | Kinetics, comparison with clinical and pathological data |
| 11C-tyrosine | 1 | 11 | Brain | 5-Tissue | Kinetics |
| 18F-choline | 2 | 10–14 | PC, different tumors | 2-Tissue, 3-tissue, modified nonlinear compartment | Kinetics, comparison with multiparametric MRI |
| 18F-DCFPyL | 1 | 3 | PC | 3-Tissue | Kinetics |
| 18F-FDOPA | 2 | 9–37 | Pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma, brain | 2-Tissue, 3-tissue, Patlak | Kinetics, model comparison, correlation to grading, differential diagnosis |
| 18F-FAZA | 3 | 9–20 | Pancreas, NSCLC | 3-Tissue, Patlak, spectral analysis, parametric images | Kinetics, model comparison |
| 18F-FDG | 41 | up to 117 with full dynamic | Different tumors | 3-Tissue, Patlak, fractal, PCA, parametric imaging | Kinetics, model comparison, diagnosis, therapy response, correlation to grading, correlation to gene expression data |
| 18F-FDG | 1 | 217 with a short protocol | Breast | First-pass Mullani model, texture analysis | Perfusion based part of FDG, correlation to heterogeneity, receptor expression |
| 18F-FLT | 12 | 8–39 | Breast, colorectal, brain, head and neck, lung, other | 3-Tissue | Kinetics, model comparison, therapy response, comparison to proliferation |
| 18F-NaF | 1 | 80 | MM | 3-Tissue, fractal | Kinetics, diagnosis |
| 18F-FDG and 18F-FLT | 2 | 8–15 | MM, brain | 3-Tissue, fractal | Kinetics, tracer comparison, diagnosis, |
| 18F-FDG and 18F-NaF | 2 | 34–60 | MM | 3-Tissue, fractal | Kinetics, tracer comparison, therapy response |
| 18F-FDG and 15O-H2O and 18F-EF5 | 1 | 22 | Head and neck | 2-Tissue | Kinetics, correlation of hypoxia to clinical outcome |
| 18F-DOPA and 18F-FDG and 15O-H2O | 1 | 11 | Melanoma | 2-Tissue, 3-tissue | Kinetics, tracer comparison, diagnosis |
| 18F-DOPA and 18F-FLT | 1 | 21 | Brain | 3-Tissue, factor analysis | Kinetics, model comparison, therapy response evaluation |
| 18F-DOPA and 18F-FET | 1 | 16 | Brain | 3-Tissue | Kinetics, tracer comparison, comparison with grading |
| 18F-FET | 4 | 7–16 | Brain | 2-Tissue, 3-tissue, Patlak, spectral analysis | Kinetics, model comparison, comparison with clinical outcome |
| 18F-fluciclovine and 11C-methionine | 2 | 6–27 | Brain | 2-Tissue, 3-tissue | Kinetics, tracer comparison |
| 18F-fluorocholine | 1 | 8 | PC | 2-Tissue, 3-tissue | Kinetics, model comparison |
| 18F-FDHT and 15O-H2O | 1 | 71 | PC | Patlak | Kinetics, tracer comparison |
| 18F-fluoroglutamine | 1 | 41 | Different tumors | 3-Tissue | Kinetics |
| 18F-FMAU | 1 | 10 | Brain, PC | 3-Tissue | Kinetics, model comparison |
| 18F-FMISO | 9 | 6–120 | NSCLC, head and neck | 2-Tissue, 3-tissue, 4-tissue | Kinetics, model comparison, therapy response, comparison to CT and MRI |
| 18F-FMISO and 15O-H2O | 1 | 11 | Brain | 2-Tissue, 3-tissue | Kinetics, model comparison, tracer comparison |
| 18F-FMISO and 18F-FDG | 1 | 13 | NSCLC | 3-Tissue, fractal | Kinetics, model comparison, tracer comparison |
| 18F-galacto-RGD | 1 | 19 | Different tumors | 3-Tissue | Kinetics |
| 18F-HX4 | 1 | 8 | NSCLC | 3-Tissue | Kinetics |
| 68Ga-bombesin | 1 | 7 | Brain | 3-Tissue, fractal | Kinetics, comparison with gene data |
| 68Ga-bombesin & 18F-FDG | 2 | 15–17 | GIST, brain | 3-Tissue, fractal | Kinetics, tracer comparison, diagnosis |
| 68Ga-DOTATOC | 2 | 21–22 | NET, meningioma | 3-Tissue, fractal | Kinetics, tracer comparison, diagnosis |
| 68Ga-DOTATOC and 18F-FDG | 2 | 9–15 | NET, NSCLC | 3-Tissue, fractal | Kinetics, tracer comparison, diagnosis |
| 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-DOTATATE | 1 | 10 | NET | 3-Tissue, Patlal | Kinetics, model comparison |
| 68Ga-PSMA-11 and 18F-PSMA-1007 | 5 | 16–140 | PC | 3-Tissue, fractal | Kinetics, diagnosis |
| 89Zr-DFO-MSTP2109A | 1 | 7 | PC | Kinetics | |
| 15C-O2 | 1 | 37 | intraabdominal tumors | 2-Tissue | Kinetics |
| 18F-fluorophenylalanine | 2 | 18–33 | Brain | 2-Tissue, 3-tissue, Patlak | Kinetics, model comparison, correlation to grading |
| 18F-FU | 1 | 8 | Colorectal | 5-Tissue | Kinetics, model comparison |
| 82Rb | 1 | 10 | Brain | 2-Tissue | Kinetics |
PC prostate cancer, HCC hepatocellular cancer, NSCLC nonsmall-cell lung cancer, MM multiple myeloma, GIST gastrointestinal stromal tumor, NET neuroendocrine tumors, 11C carbon-11, 18F fluorine-18, 15O oxygen-15, 68Ga gallium-68, 15C carbon-15, 82Rb rubidium-82, 18F-FDG 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, 18F-DCFPyL 2-(3-{1-carboxy-5-[(6-18F-fluoro-pyridine-3-carbonyl)-amino]-pentyl}-ureido)-pentanedioic acid, 18F-DOPA 6-[18F]-L-fluoro-L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, 18F-FAZA 1-(5-fluoro-5-deoxy-alpha-D-arabinofuranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole, 18F-FLT 18F-fluorothymidine, 18F-NaF 18F-sodium fluoride, 18F-EF5 2-(2-nitro-(1)H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)-acetamide (EF5), 18F-FET 18F-fluoro-ethyl-tyrosine, 18F-FDHT 18F-fluorodihydrotestosterone, 18F-FMAU (1-(2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)thymine), 18F-FMISO 18F-fluoromisonidazole, 18F-galacto-RGD 18F-galacto-arginine-glycine-aspartic acid, 18F-HX4 (3-[18F]fluoro-2-{4-[(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl} propan-1-ol), 68Ga-DOTATOC 68Ga-DOTA-Tyr3-octreotide, 68Ga-DOTATATE 68Ga-DOTA-Tyr3-octreotate, 68Ga-PSMA-11 68Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen-HBED-CC, 18F-PSMA-1007 18F-prostate-specific membrane antigen-1007, 89Zr-DFO-MSTP2109A zirconium-89 desferrioxamine-MSTP2109A, 18F-FU 18F-fluoro-5-fluorouracil