Table 1.
Meta-analysis estimates for prevalence of individual comorbidities
| No. of studies | No. of individuals | Pooled prevalence | 95% confidence interval | I2, % | Range | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any CVD | 12 | 44,369 | 19.4 | 7.8–34.1 | 100 | 3.1–70.5 |
| Any IHD | 8 | 29,671 | 9.2 | 7.1–11.6 | 97 | 0.6–18.2 |
| Angina | 3 | 5828 | 3.6 | 1.4–6.6 | 94 | 1.9–5.1 |
| Myocardial infarction | 10 | 17,628 | 3.2 | 2.3–4.2 | 87 | 1.3–8.1 |
| Heart failure | 8 | 23,455 | 1.3 | 1.0–1.7 | 72 | 0.6–3.1 |
| Stroke | 15 | 42,872 | 2.8 | 1.5–4.5 | 98 | 0.0–21.8 |
| PVD | 8 | 44,629 | 1.6 | 0.5–3.3 | 99 | 0.0–6.2 |
| Hypertension | 31 | 85,014 | 34.2 | 28.6–40.2 | 100 | 6.4–62.7 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 32 | 89,972 | 12.9 | 10.7–15.2 | 99 | 2.0–34.1 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 18 | 59,816 | 24.2 | 17.4–31.8 | 100 | 2.9–79.8 |
| Obesity | 15 | 27,890 | 27.4 | 24.5–30.4 | 95 | 12.7–39.8 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 5 | 1109 | 28.8 | 14.0–46.2 | 96 | 9.9–44.0 |
| Any GI disease | 5 | 11,976 | 9.9 | 7.9–12.0 | 71 | 6.0–16.0 |
| Liver disease | 10 | 73,289 | 3.4 | 0.1–9.6 | 100 | 0.0–26.5 |
| Any pulmonary disease | 6 | 68,370 | 12.3 | 6.3–19.8 | 100 | 5.0–22.7 |
| COPD | 6 | 12,517 | 3.4 | 0–10.4 | 99 | 1.1–17.3 |
| Depression | 14 | 91,541 | 11.9 | 7.4–17.2 | 100 | 0.8–27.2 |
| Any cancer | 11 | 63,670 | 5.2 | 4.2–6.4 | 96 | 1.5–9.2 |
| Renal disease | 8 | 33,051 | 2.5 | 0.8–4.9 | 99 | 1.0–8.1 |
| Osteoporosis | 4 | 18,215 | 9.3 | 3.0–18.3 | 99 | 3.8–14.0 |
| Thyroid disorders | 5 | 25,316 | 10.5 | 7.7–13.7 | 94 | 0.6–15.0 |
Stroke includes cerebrovascular accidents and transient ischaemic attacks. PVD peripheral vascular disease, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, GI gastrointestinal