Table 2.
Studies comparing comorbidity incidence between PsA patients and controls
| Measure of effect | Control group | Comorbidity | Effect size | 95% confidence interval | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kaine 2019 [8] | Incidence rate ratio, matched by calendar year, age, gender and geography | Matched controls without PsA | Multiple sclerosis | 2.80 | 1.85–4.24 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 1.16 | 1.11–1.21 | |||
| Hypertension | 1.21 | 1.15–1.27 | |||
| Coronary artery disease | 1.25 | 1.14–1.37 | |||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1.31 | 1.19–1.46 | |||
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.31 | 1.19–1.46 | |||
| Obesity or overweight | 1.58 | 1.50–1.68 | |||
| Depression | 1.67 | 1.57–1.78 | |||
| Anxiety | 1.44 | 1.35–1.53 | |||
| Cancer | 1.09 | 1.01–1.17 | |||
| Diabetes | 1.51 | 1.40–1.64 | |||
| Osteoporosis | 1.78 | 1.62–1.96 | |||
| Gout | 1.92 | 1.72–2.15 | |||
| Liver disease | 2.15 | 1.54–3.00 | |||
| Cook 2018 [12] | SMR adjusted for age and sex | Matched UK biobank participants without AS, RA, PsA or SLE | Angina | 1.5 | 1.1–1.7 |
| Myocardial infarction | 1.3 | 0.8–1.9 | |||
| Stroke | 1.0 | 0.6–1.6 | |||
| Hypertension | 1.4 | 1.3–1.6 | |||
| Pulmonary disease | 1.3 | 0.8–1.9 | |||
| Diabetes | 1.2 | 0.9–1.6 | |||
| Depression | 1.3 | 1.0–1.7 | |||
| Haddad 2017 [13] | OR adjusted for variables including age, sex, smoking, obesity, and steroids use | Matched controls without rheumatic disease or psoriasis | Diabetes mellitus | 1.35 | 1.18–1.42 |
| Hypothyroidism | 1.61 | 1.47–1.81 | |||
| Osteoporosis | 1.56 | 1.37–1.78 | |||
| Cushing disease | 3.96 | 1.67–9.43 | |||
| Feldman 2015 [14] | OR controlling for insurance type, individual non-PsO/PsA-related comorbidities, and modified Charlson Comorbidity Index | Matched controls without psoriasis and PsA | Hypertension | 1.9 | 1.6–2.4 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 1.3 | 1.1–1.6 | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.6 | 1.2–2.2 | |||
| Coronary heart disease | 1.7 | 1.1–2.5 | |||
| Acute myocardial infarction | 0.5 | 0.1–3.0 | |||
| Anxiety | 1.4 | 0.9–2.1 | |||
| Depression | 2.1 | 1.5–3.0 | |||
| Obesity | 1.4 | 0.8–2.3 | |||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1.5 | 0.7–3.6 | |||
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.4 | 0.7–2.8 | |||
| Skin cancer | 1.5 | 0.7–3.1 | |||
| Other malignancies | 0.8 | 0.4–1.7 | |||
| Multiple sclerosis | 1.0 | 0.1–16.0 | |||
| Han 2006 [15] | Prevalence ratio adjusted for age and sex | Matched controls from the same claims database | Ischaemic heart disease | 1.3 | 1.1–1.5 |
| Atherosclerosis | 1.4 | 1.0–2.1 | |||
| Congestive heart failure | 1.5 | 1.1–2.0 | |||
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.6 | 1.2–2.0 | |||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1.3 | 1.1–1.7 | |||
| Type 2 diabetes | 1.5 | 1.4–1.7 | |||
| Hyperlipidaemia | 1.2 | 1.1–1.3 | |||
| Hypertension | 1.3 | 1.2–1.4 | |||
| Gladman 2008 [16] | Standardised Prevalence Ratio adjusted for gender and age | Age and sex matched standardisation population from community survey | Hypertension | 1.90 | 1.59–2.27 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 0.91 | 0.34–2.43 | |||
| Myocardial infarction | 2.57 | 1.73–3.80 | |||
| Angina | 1.97 | 1.24–3.12 | |||
| Congestive heart failure | 1.19 | 0.50–2.86 | |||
| Jafri 2017 [17] | OR adjusted for age and sex | Matched controls from general UK primary care population | Hypertension | 1.31 | 1.26–1.37 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 1.23 | 1.18–1.29 | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.38 | 1.31–1.45 | |||
| Obesity | 1.69 | 1.62–1.75 | |||
| Tam 2008 [18] | OR adjusted for BMI | Matched healthy controls | Hypertension | 3.37 | 1.68–6.72 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 9.27 | 2.09–41.09 | |||
| Kristensen 2017 [9] | Unadjusted OR before diagnosis | Matched general population controls | Infections | 2.03 | 1.69–2.42 |
| Neoplasms | 1.25 | 1.11–1.41 | |||
| Haematological disorders | 1.94 | 1.55–2.43 | |||
| Endocrine and metabolic disorders | 1.65 | 1.48–1.84 | |||
| Mental disorders | 1.15 | 0.97–1.36 | |||
| Nervous system disorders | 1.99 | 1.75–2.26 | |||
| Cardiovascular disorders | 1.70 | 1.56–1.86 | |||
| Respiratory disorders | 1.73 | 1.54–1.96 | |||
| Digestive tract disorders | 1.89 | 1.73–2.08 | |||
| Genitourinary disorder | 1.33 | 0.75–1.04 | |||
| Unadjusted OR after diagnosis | Matched general population controls | Infections | 2.20 | 1.89–2.55 | |
| Neoplasms | 1.26 | 1.14–1.40 | |||
| Haematological disorders | 2.13 | 1.77–2.56 | |||
| Endocrine and metabolic disorders | 1.89 | 1.72–2.07 | |||
| Mental disorders | 1.21 | 1.14–1.40 | |||
| Nervous system disorders | 1.78 | 1.58–2.00 | |||
| Cardiovascular disorders | 1.70 | 1.57–1.85 | |||
| Respiratory disorders | 1.75 | 1.57–1.95 | |||
| Digestive tract disorders | 1.98 | 1.82–2.16 | |||
| Genitourinary disorder | 1.49 | 1.36–1.63 | |||
| Merola 2015 (abstract) [10] | Unadjusted OR | Matched controls from the same claims database | Chronic pulmonary disease | 1.73 | 1.67–1.80 |
| Liver disease (excluding fatty liver) | 2.53 | 2.39–2.67 | |||
| Anxiety | 1.53 | 1.47–1.60 | |||
| Depression | 1.83 | 1.76–1.91 | |||
| Coeliac disease | 2.51 | 2.00–3.15 | |||
| Gout | 2.51 | 2.33–2.71 | |||
| Zhang 2011 (abstract) [11] | unadjusted OR | Matched controls without PsA | Hypertension | 1.58 | 1.52–1.64 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 1.68 | 1.59–1.77 | |||
| Diabetes | 1.62 | 1.54–1.71 | |||
| Hypothyroidism | 1.64 | 1.55–1.74 | |||
| Deficiency anaemias | 2.01 | 1.88–2.14 | |||
| Depression | 1.69 | 1.57–1.81 | |||
| Valvular diseases | 1.65 | 1.53–1.78 | |||
| Psychoses | 1.76 | 1.63–1.91 | |||
| Fluid electrolyte disorders | 1.81 | 1.67–1.97 | |||
| Solid tumour without metastases | 1.17 | 1.08–1.27 | |||
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.72 | 1.57–1.88 |
Results reported in the precision provided in publication. Bold text indicates statistical significance. OR odds ratio, SMR standardised mortality ratio, BMI body mass index, PsO psoriasis, PsA psoriatic arthritis