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. 2021 Jan 25;11:2163. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81794-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of VPA stimulation on hyperglycaemic HepG2 gene expression. (A) VPA induces H3 acetylation in a time-dependent manner. Quantitative analysis of H3K9/14ac and unmodified histone H3 protein using LI-COR Odyssey imaging system. Normoglycaemic HepG2 cells treated with 1 mM VPA in comparison with untreated control. (B) Multidimensional scaling analysis shows samples cluster based upon treatment groups. (C) Smear plot showing the effect of VPA treatment on hyperglycaemic HepG2 cells. Genes with differential expression (FDR ≤ 0.05) are highlighted in red. (D) Heatmap of the 50 most significant differentially expressed genes responding to VPA. LG, low glucose—normoglycemic condition. LGV, normoglycemic condition followed by VPA treatment. HG, high glucose—hyperglycaemic condition. HGV, hyperglycaemic condition followed by VPA treatment. (E) Venn diagram showing gene expression changes regulated by VPA under normoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic conditions.