Table 1.

Viral Effects on apoptosis via the internal mechanism of mitochondrial influence.

ANTI-APOPTOTIC
Virus; protein	Mechanism	Notes
Adenovirus; E1B-19K	Bcl-2 mimic	Han et al. (1996)
African swine fever virus; A179L	Bcl-2 mimic	Brun et al. (1996)
Myxoma virus; M11L	Bcl-2 mimic	Douglas et al. (2007)
Epstein-Barr virus; BHRF1	Bcl-2 mimic	Hickish et al. (1994)
Human herpesvirus 8; Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated Bcl-2	Bcl-2 mimic	Cheng et al. (1997)
Cytomegalovirus; vMIA	PTPC inhibition	Goldmacher (2002)
SARS-CoV-1; NSP15	Inhibited MAVS-induced apoptosis	Dose-dependent and with specificity as it did not inhibit staurosporine-induced apoptosis Lei et al. (2009).
PRO-APOPTOTIC
Virus; protein	Mechanism	Notes
Human papillomavirus; E1 and E4	Disrupt the intracellular keratin network and cause mitochondria to accumulate next to the nucleus and lose MMP	Doorbar et al. (1991)
Vesicular stomatitis virus; matrix protein M	Interfere with the Bcl-2 family	Gadaleta et al. (2005)
Avian encephalomyelitis virus; 2C	Activates caspase-9	Liu et al. (2004)
Hepatitis C virus; NS4A	Disrupts MMP	Nomura-Takigawa et al. (2006)
Hepatitis C virus; NS3	Induces caspase-8	Prikhod’ko et al. (2004)
Influenza A; PB1-F2	Disrupts MMP	Chanturiya et al. (2004)
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1; Vpr	Rapid dissipation of the MMP and interaction with components of the PTPC	Jacotot et al. (2000)
SARS-CoV-1; gene 7a	Inhibit antiapoptotic Bcl-xL in cultured cells	Schaecher et al. (2007)
SARS-CoV-1; ORF-6	Induce caspase-3 mediated apoptosis	Ye et al. (2008)