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. 2021 Jan 25;6:16. doi: 10.1038/s41541-020-00279-z

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© This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Experimental design. Groups of 8 hamsters each were vaccinated (vacc) with the nCoV-S(JET) DNA vaccine, PBS, or a MERS-CoV DNA vaccine and then challenged with 100,000 PFU of SARS-CoV-2 virus by the intranasal route. b PRNT50 and PsVNA50 titers from serum collected at indicated timepoints after 1 (open symbols) and 2 (closed symbols) vaccinations (assay limit = 20, gray shade). Bars represent GMT ± SD. c Average animal weights relative to starting weight. Symbols represent mean ± SEM. Viral RNA in d pharyngeal swabs and e lung homogenates (assay limit = 50 copies, gray shade). Bars GMT ± SD. f Infectious virus as measured by plaque assay (assay limit = 50 PFU, gray shade). Bars GMT ± SD. Bright field imagery of H&E staining of lung sections from g nCoV-S(JET) DNA, h PBS, or i MERS-CoV vaccinated hamsters where purple indicates areas of consolidation. ISH to detect SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA in lung sections of j nCoV-S(JET) DNA, k PBS, and l MERS-CoV vaccinated hamsters. Rare, positive labeling in nCoV-S(JET) DNA vaccinated hamster lung sections were detected (arrows). Asterisks indicate that results were statistically significant, as follows: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ns not significant. Scale bars = 400 microns. Hamster drawing was provided by Jake Hooper (hjake@vt.edu), with permission.