Table 5.
Factors associated with poor well-being among general Pakistani population during COVID-19 pandemic (n = 1,756).
| Characteristic | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude OR (95% CI) | p-value | Adjustedα OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Age© | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.113 | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.801 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 1.46 (1.20–1.77) | <0.001 | 1.35 (1.04–1.75) | 0.025 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 1 | |||
| Ever married | 0.88 (0.73–1.07) | 0.212 | – | – |
| Education status | ||||
| Postgraduate | 1 | 1 | ||
| Graduate | 1.22 (0.96–1.54) | 0.100 | 1.22 (0.92–1.61) | 0.164 |
| Intermediate | 1.15 (0.87–1.53) | 0.323 | 1.10 (0.78–1.55) | 0.595 |
| Matric and lower | 1.45 (0.85–2.46) | 0.173 | 1.04 (0.54–2.00) | 0.910 |
| Employment status | ||||
| Employed | 1 | 1 | ||
| Student | 1.26 (1.01–1.57) | 0.038 | 1.17 (0.81–1.68) | 0.398 |
| Housewife | 1.40 (1.01–1.94) | 0.044 | 0.86 (0.56–1.32) | 0.491 |
| Retired | 0.68 (0.28–1.67) | 0.397 | 0.49 (0.16–1.47) | 0.204 |
| Unemployed | 1.87 (1.25–2.81) | 0.002 | 1.62 (1.02–2.59) | 0.043 |
| Family type | ||||
| Joint | 1 | 1 | ||
| Nuclear | 1.27 (1.04–1.53) | 0.016 | 1.12 (0.89–1.41) | 0.321 |
| Region | ||||
| Punjab | 1 | 1 | ||
| Sindh | 1.38 (1.03–1.86) | 0.032 | 1.54 (1.10–2.16) | 0.012 |
| Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 1.30 (0.97–1.73) | 0.076 | 1.18 (0.85–1.65) | 0.321 |
| Baluchistan | 0.93 (0.50–1.74) | 0.829 | 1.15 (0.55–2.37) | 0.712 |
| Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) | 1.79 (1.18–2.72) | 0.006 | 1.82 (1.13–2.93) | 0.014 |
| Other | 1.19 (0.66–2.14) | 0.554 | 1.34 (0.71 - 2.56) | 0.365 |
| Any chronic illness | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.63 (1.30–2.04) | <0.001 | 1.71 (1.31–2.23) | <0.001 |
| Attitude scale domains | ||||
| Controllability© | 0.82 (0.78–0.87) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.83–0.94) | <0.001 |
| Misinformation© | 0.96 (0.90–1.01) | 0.135 | – | – |
| Fear© | 1.09 (1.06–1.11) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.03–1.08) | <0.001 |
| COPING STRATEGY DURING LOCKDOWN | ||||
| Exercise | ||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 1.99 (1.63–2.43) | <0.001 | 1.30 (1.03–1.64) | 0.028 |
| Spending time with family | ||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 2.27 (1.73–2.97) | <0.001 | 1.40 (1.00–1.95) | 0.049 |
| Reading | ||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 1.64 (1.35–1.99) | <0.001 | 1.23 (0.97–1.54) | 0.081 |
| Eating healthy food | ||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 2.76 (2.16–3.53) | <0.001 | 1.70 (1.25–2.31) | 0.001 |
| Having good sleep | ||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 2.19 (1.73–2.76) | <0.001 | 1.39 (1.04–1.85) | 0.026 |
| Contributing in social welfare work | ||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 1.93 (1.58–2.36) | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.06–1.71) | 0.014 |
| Spending time on hobbies | ||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 1.91 (1.58–2.33) | <0.001 | 1.47 (1.16–1.88) | 0.002 |
| Watching movies | ||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 1.00 (0.82–1.23) | 0.992 | 0.82 (0.64–1.05) | 0.119 |
| Playing video game | ||||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| No | 0.99 (0.81–1.20) | 0.901 | – | – |
| Seeking spiritual support | ||||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| No | 1.66 (1.35–2.03) | <0.001 | – | – |
| Talking to friends on phone | ||||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| No | 1.52 (1.22–1.90) | <0.001 | – | – |
α
Mutually adjusted for each other.
©
Continuous variable.
–Not included in multivariate model.