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. 2021 Jan 12;8:603837. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.603837

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Metabolic pathways of amino acids in cancer. This schematic diagram briefly summarizes the amino acid metabolism which includes one-carbon metabolism, TCA cycle, urea cycle, and intracellular antioxidant, reduced glutathione synthesis. PHGDH, phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase; PSAT, phosphoserine aminotransferase; PSPH, phosphoserine phosphatase; SHMT, serine hydroxymethyltransferase; THF, tetrahydrofolate; MS, methionine synthetase; MAT, methionine adenosine transferase; SAM, S-adenosylmethionine; SAH, S-adenosylhomocysteine; BCAAs, branched-chain amino acids; BCAT, branched-chain amino transferase; BCKAs, branched-chain α-ketoacids; BCKDH, BCKA dehydrogenase enzyme complex; GOT, aspartate transaminase; ASNS, asparagine synthetase; GLS, glutaminase; GS, glutamine synthetase; GLUD, glutamate dehydrogenase; IDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase; TCA, tricarboxylic acid; CPS1, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1; ARG, arginase; OTC, ornithine transcarboxylase; ASS, argininosuccinate synthase; ASL, argininosuccinate lyase; ODC, ornithine decarboxylase; SPDSY, spermidine synthase; SPMSY, spermine synthase; decSAM, decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine; AMD1, adenosylmethionine decarboxylase 1; GCL, glutamylcysteine ligase; GSS, glutathione synthetase; GR, glutathione reductase; GSSG, glutathione disulfide; CAD, carbamoylphosphate synthetase, including carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydrooratase; DHODH, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase; 5-PRPP, 5-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate; OMP, orotidine 5′-monophosphate; UMP, uridine monophosphate; UTP, uridine triphosphate; CTP, cytidine triphosphate CTPS, cytidine triphosphate synthase; PPAT, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase; PRA, phosphoribosyl-β-amine; FGAR, formylglycinamide ribonucleotide; PFAS, phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase; FGAM, formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide; IMP, inosine monophosphate; GMP, guanosine monophosphate; GMPS, guanosine monophosphate synthase; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; AMP, adenosine monophosphate; ATP, adenosine triphosphate.