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. 2021 Jan 12;8:620667. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.620667

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Copyright © 2021 Jones, Chong and Bellusci.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Proposed model of domain branch initiation. (A) A domain branch from the left lobe of an E10.5 lung. Differential proliferation is seen shortly after the bud initiates. The blue oval represents localized source of Fgf10 expression. (B) Mechanical instability in an expanding sheet (epithelium) constrained by a relatively stationary foundation (mesenchyme) results in a buckling pattern of characteristic wavelength (λ). (C) Apical faces of distal epithelial tip cells undergo apical constriction via Fgfr2b/β-catenin signaling, supporting the budding process.