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. 2021 Jan 12;8:625943. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.625943

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Copyright © 2021 Chen, Kuo, Chuong and Huang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Interplay of IGF-1R-related signaling and niche microenvironment in stemness expressions of different cell types. Traditional IGF-1R signaling promotes cell proliferation, growth, and survival in differentiated normal cells (upper panel). Autocrine IGF-1R signaling promotes mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) proliferation and multiple lineage differentiation through interacting with other signaling pathways (upper-middle panel). In embryonic and germline stem cells (ESC/GSC), niche cells maintain embryonic stem cell survival and pluripotency status through autocrine/paracrine IGF-1R signaling. Niche hypoxia activates both IGF-1R and CXCR4 signaling in promoting the self-renewal and migration of germline stem cells (lower-middle panel). IGF-1R signaling is upregulated in liver cancer because of epigenetic alterations and niche inflammation. The IGF-1R pathway also promotes stemness in liver cancer stem cells (liver CSC) and niche inflammation (lower panel).