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Case examples of Doppler‐based methods for left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP) assessment. The first case (green panel) is a healthy 20‐year‐old male; the second case (yellow panel) is a 60‐year‐old male patient admitted with heart failure (HF). In the healthy adult case, the E/e′ is <8 and suggests normal LVFP vs. in the patient, it is >12 and suggests raised LVFP.
