Table 1.
Anthropometric characteristics and laboratory and clinical parameters of the whole study population divided according to outcome occurrence
| Characteristics | Study population (N = 96) | No outcome (n = 53) | Yes outcome (n = 43) | P‐value a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (female), n (%) | 54 (56) | 27 (50.9) | 27 (62.8) | ns |
| Age (years) | 76.3 ± 10.4 | 74.1 ± 8.9 | 78.8 ± 11.5 | 0.02 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 171.8 ± 37.3 | 179.2 ± 35.6 | 162.4 ± 37.4 | 0.02 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 96.4 ± 18.7 | 101.8 ± 16.4 | 90.1 ± 20.1 | 0.002 |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 777.6 ± 184.9 | 800 ± 188.3 | 749.4 ± 178.8 | ns |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.32 ± 0.68 | 1.36 ± 0.79 | 1.26 ± 0.52 | ns |
| LVEF (%) | 33.3 ± 9.6 | 34.3 ± 9.0 | 32.2 ± 10.2 | ns |
| Troponin (mg/L) | 0.14 ± 0.3 | 0.08 ± 0.1 | 0.22 ± 0.4 | 0.01 |
| Respiratory rate (b.p.m.) | 27.5 ± 5.5 | 26.7 ± 5.5 | 28.8 ± 5.3 | ns |
| Clinical presentation | ||||
| Congestion, n (%) | 21 (21.9) | 16 (30.2) | 5 (11.6) | 0.016 |
| Hypoperfusion, n (%) | 26 (27.1) | 9 (17) | 17 (39.6) | |
| Congestion and hypoperfusion, n (%) | 49 (51) | 28 (52.8) | 21 (48.8) | |
| Chest X‐ray findings | ||||
| Cardiomegaly, n (%) | 62 (64.6) | 33 (62.3) | 29 (67.4) | ns |
| Pulmonary congestion, n (%) | 78 (81.2) | 43 (81.1) | 35 (81.4) | ns |
| Pleural effusion, n (%) | 51 (53.1) | 32 (60.4) | 19 (44.2) | ns |
| Number of chest X‐ray findings: 0/1/2/3, n (%) | 2 (2.1)/22 (22.9)/47 (49)/25 (26) | 2 (3.8)/10 (18.9)/25 (47.1)/16 (30.2) | 0 (0)/12 (27.8)/22 (51.1)/9 (20.1) | ns |
| Co‐morbidities | ||||
| Ischaemic heart disease, n (%) | 74 (77.1) | 40 (75.5) | 34 (79.1) | ns |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 22 (22.9) | 12 (22.6) | 10 (23.2) | ns |
| Valvulopathy, n (%) | 11 (11.4) | 7 (13.2) | 4 (9.3) | ns |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 85 (88.5) | 47 (88.7) | 38 (88.4) | ns |
| Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 45 (48.4) | 26 (49.1) | 20 (46.5) | ns |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 40 (41.7) | 23 (43.4) | 17 (39.5) | ns |
| COPD, n (%) | 16 (16.7) | 10 (18.9) | 6 (13.9) | ns |
| HFrEF, n (%) | 65 (67.7) | 35 (66.1) | 30 (69.8) | ns |
| HFmrEF, n (%) | 23 (24) | 13 (24.5) | 10 (23.2) | ns |
| HFpEF, n (%) | 8 (8.3) | 5 (9.4) | 3 (7.0) | ns |
| ICD, n (%) | 18 (18.7) | 13 (24.5) | 5 (11.6) | ns |
| Suspected cause of AHF | ||||
| Acute coronary syndrome, n (%) | 18 (18.8) | 0 (0) | 18 (41.9) | <0.001 |
| Cardiogenic shock, n (%) | 8 (8.3) | 1 (1.9) | 7 (16.3) | |
| Worsening HF, n (%) | 17 (17.7) | 9 (17) | 8 (18.5) | |
| Hypertensive HFpEF, n (%) | 18 (18.8) | 15 (28.3) | 3 (7) | |
| Hypertensive HFrEF, n (%) | 35 (36.4) | 28 (52.8) | 7 (16.3) | |
| Arterial blood gas parameters | ||||
| pH | 7.2 ± 0.1 | 7.23 ± 0.15 | 7.19 ± 0.15 | ns |
| pCO2 (mmHg) | 55.1 ± 20.8 | 57.3 ± 22.1 | 54.2 ± 22.5 | ns |
| pO2 (mmHg) | 52.3 ± 11.1 | 52.9 ± 11.3 | 51.4 ± 10.9 | ns |
| LACSTART (mmol/L) | 5.3 ± 3.0 | 4.3 ± 2.6 | 6.5 ± 2.9 | <0.001 |
| LACMAX (mmol/L) | 5.4 ± 2.9 | 4.4 ± 2.6 | 6.6 ± 2.9 | <0.001 |
| Cl2hLAC (%) | 28.1 ± 30.8 | 37.2 ± 31.7 | 14.4 ± 25.0 | <0.0001 |
| LACTW | 2.5 ± 1.6 | 1.59 ± 0.7 | 3.7 ± 1.6 | <0.00001 |
AHF, acute heart failure; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; Cl2hLAC, 2 h clearance of lactate; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HF, heart failure; HFmrEF, heart failure with mid‐range ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; ICD, implanted cardioverter defibrillator; LACMAX, maximum lactate; LACSTART, lactate at admission; LACTW, time‐weighted lactate; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; ns, not significant.
Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation or frequencies and percentage as appropriate.
P‐value refers to the comparison between patients who experienced the outcome and patients who did not.