TABLE 3.
In‐hospital management according to the clinical phenotypes
| Overall (n = 7759) | ACS‐HF (n = 3338) | DHF (n = 2617) | HT‐HF (n = 914) | CS (n = 404) | PO (n = 255) | RHF (n = 231) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intravenous diuretics (%) | 81.2 | 76.6 | 86.9 | 88.9 | 65.6 | 85.1 | 71.4 | <0.0001 |
| Intravenous vasodilators any (%) | 33.4 | 43.8 | 21.5 | 49.3 | 5.4 | 28.6 | 9.1 | <0.0001 |
| Nitroglycerine (%) | 30.9 | 43.4 | 17.7 | 43.4 | 5.4 | 20.0 | 8.7 | <0.0001 |
| Nitroprusside (%) | 3.1 | 0.9 | 4.3 | 7.7 | 0.5 | 9.4 | 0.4 | <0.0001 |
| Intravenous diuretic + vasodilators (%) | 29.0 | 35.4 | 20.6 | 45.8 | 5.0 | 28.2 | 7.8 | <0.0001 |
| Inotropes any (%) | 18.9 | 15.3 | 16.7 | 8.9 | 72.0 | 36.5 | 21.6 | <0.0001 |
| Dobutamine (%) | 15.6 | 13.5 | 12.5 | 5.8 | 64.9 | 31.0 | 18.6 | <0.0001 |
| Levosimendan (%) | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 0.8 | 11.9 | 5.5 | 1.3 | <0.0001 |
| Dopamine (%) | 4.5 | 2.5 | 5.7 | 3.5 | 13.4 | 9.0 | 5.2 | <0.0001 |
| Vasopressors any (%) | 20.4 | 16.1 | 15.6 | 7.4 | 96.3 | 46.3 | 28.1 | <0.0001 |
| Norepinephrine (%) | 20.1 | 15.8 | 15.3 | 7.2 | 95.8 | 43.9 | 26.8 | <0.0001 |
| Vasopressin (%) | 10.1 | 7.6 | 5.6 | 3.5 | 63.1 | 24.7 | 13.4 | <0.0001 |
| Both vasopressors (%) | 9.7 | 7.3 | 5.3 | 3.3 | 62.6 | 22.4 | 12.1 | <0.0001 |
| ACEI (%) | 64.9 | 79.8 | 57.6 | 66.8 | 21.8 | 37.6 | 31.2 | <0.0001 |
| ARB (%) | 3.0 | 1.8 | 3.7 | 6.6 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 2.2 | <0.0001 |
| ACEI or ARB (%) | 66.9 | 80.8 | 60.3 | 70.7 | 22.8 | 38.8 | 32.9 | <0.0001 |
| Beta‐blocker (%) | 32.0 | 48.6 | 21.2 | 23.2 | 11.4 | 12.2 | 8.7 | <0.0001 |
| Spironolactone (%) | 19.1 | 17.7 | 24.2 | 15.8 | 10.6 | 17.3 | 13.0 | <0.0001 |
| Digoxin (%) | 19.8 | 7.9 | 31.8 | 25.5 | 15.6 | 34.9 | 22.5 | <0.0001 |
| Amioradone (%) | 12.0 | 10.4 | 13.3 | 10.1 | 21.8 | 12.9 | 10.0 | <0.0001 |
| IABP (%) | 5.1 | 8.0 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 25.7 | 2.0 | 0.0 | <0.0001 |
| Mechanical ventilation (%) | 14.7 | 12.0 | 8.9 | 10.0 | 66.8 | 39.6 | 19.5 | <0.0001 |
| Coronary angiography (%) | 43.2 | 75.2 | 13.3 | 17.8 | 46.5 | 13.7 | 3.0 | <0.0001 |
| Primary PCI (%) (n = 2035, STEMI patients) a | 24.9 | 24.7 | 26.0 | |||||
| Thrombolysis in our hospital (%) | 2.9 | 3.1 | 1.3 | |||||
| Thrombolysis outside our hospital (%) | 19.2 | 19.2 | 19.3 |
ACEIs, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors; ACS‐HF, acute coronary syndrome and HF; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; CS, cardiogenic shock; DHF, decompensation heart failure; HT‐HF, hypertensive HF; IABP, intra‐aortic balloon pump; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PO, pulmonary oedema; RHF, isolated right HF; STEMI, ST‐elevation myocardial infarction.
a
STEMI: ACS‐HF = n = 1812 and CS = n = 223.