Table 1.
The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.
| Variable | Total (N = 1063) |
No DEP (N = 400) |
DEP (N = 663) |
Univariate analyses | No ANX (N = 506) |
ANX (N = 557) |
Univariate analyses | No DEP or ANX (N = 575) |
Comorbid DEP and ANX (N = 488) |
Univariate analyses | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | χ2 | d.f. | P | N (%) | N (%) | χ2 | d.f. | P | N (%) | N (%) | χ2 | d.f. | P | |
| Male gender | 347 (32.6) | 126 (31.5) | 221 (33.3) | 0.38 | 1 | 0.53 | 163 (32.2) | 184 (33.0) | 0.08 | 1 | 0.77 | 188 (32.7) | 159 (32.6) | 0.00 | 1 | 0.96 |
| Married | 961 (90.4) | 364 (91.0) | 597 (90.0) | 0.26 | 1 | 0.60 | 461 (91.1) | 500 (89.8) | 0.54 | 1 | 0.45 | 524 (91.1) | 437 (89.5) | 0.76 | 1 | 0.38 |
| Rural areas | 373 (35.1) | 111 (27.8) | 262 (39.5) | 15.16 | 1 | <0.01 | 151 (29.8) | 222 (39.9) | 11.67 | 1 | <0.01 | 169 (29.4) | 204 (41.8) | 17.85 | 1 | <0.01 |
| Having severe physical diseases | 190 (17.9) | 59 (14.8) | 131 (19.8) | 4.26 | 1 | 0.03 | 69 (13.6) | 121 (21.7) | 11.81 | 1 | <0.01 | 84 (14.6) | 106 (21.7) | 9.09 | 1 | <0.01 |
| Concerns about COVID-19 | 744 (70.0) | 274 (68.5) | 470 (70.9) | 0.67 | 1 | 0.41 | 358 (70.8) | 386 (69.3) | 0.26 | 1 | 0.60 | 404 (70.3) | 340 (69.7) | 0.04 | 1 | 0.83 |
| Frequent use of mass mediaa | 215 (20.2) | 89 (22.3) | 126 (19.0) | 1.62 | 1 | 0.20 | 102 (20.2) | 113 (20.3) | 0.00 | 1 | 0.95 | 117 (20.3) | 98 (20.1) | 0.01 | 1 | 0.91 |
| Difficulty accessing psychiatristsa | 367 (34.5) | 131 (32.8) | 236 (35.6) | 0.89 | 1 | 0.34 | 163 (32.2) | 204 (36.6) | 2.28 | 1 | 0.13 | 190 (33.0) | 177 (36.3) | 1.21 | 1 | 0.27 |
| Poor treatment adherencea | 365 (34.3) | 98 (24.5) | 267 (40.3) | 27.52 | 1 | <0.01 | 131 (25.9) | 234 (42.0) | 30.56 | 1 | <0.01 | 156 (27.1) | 209 (42.8) | 28.84 | 1 | <0.01 |
| Difficulty attending psychiatric hospitala | 371 (34.9) | 113 (28.3) | 258 (38.9) | 12.48 | 1 | <0.01 | 157 (31.0) | 214 (38.4) | 6.37 | 1 | 0.01 | 179 (31.1) | 192 (39.3) | 7.83 | 1 | <0.01 |
| Primary psychiatric diagnoses | 18.01 | 3 | <0.01 | 16.59 | 3 | <0.01 | 30.34 | 3 | <0.01 | |||||||
| Major depressive disorder | 485 (45.6) | 152 (38.0) | 333 (50.2) | 207 (40.9) | 278 (49.9) | 225 (39.1) | 260 (53.3) | |||||||||
| Schizophrenia | 73 (6.9) | 38 (9.5) | 35 (5.3) | 48 (9.5) | 25 (4.5) | 55 (9.6) | 18 (3.7) | |||||||||
| Organic mental disorder | 63 (5.9) | 26 (6.5) | 37 (5.6) | 27 (5.3) | 36 (6.5) | 32 (5.6) | 31 (6.4) | |||||||||
| Othersb | 442 (41.6) | 184 (46.0) | 258 (38.9) | 224 (44.3) | 218 (39.1) | 263 (45.7) | 179 (36.7) | |||||||||
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | t/Z | d.f. | P | M (SD) | M (SD) | t/Z | d.f. | P | M (SD) | M (SD) | t/Z | d.f. | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 62.8 (9.4) | 63.5 (9.6) | 62.3 (9.2) | 1.90 | 1061 | 0.05 | 62.8 (9.3) | 62.7 (9.5) | 0.16 | 1061 | 0.87 | 63.1 (9.4) | 62.4 (9.3) | 1.19 | 1061 | 0.23 |
| Education years | 7.9 (4.0) | 8.3 (3.6) | 7.7 (4.2) | 2.20 | 1061 | 0.02 | 8.1 (3.6) | 7.7 (4.3) | 1.74 | 1061 | 0.08 | 8.1 (3.6) | 7.7 (4.4) | 1.38 | 1061 | 0.16 |
| ISI total score | 8.9 (6.3) | 4.5 (4.3) | 11.5 (5.9) | −17.87 | —c | <0.01 | 6.2 (5.3) | 11.3 (6.2) | −13.09 | —c | <0.01 | 6.2 (5.3) | 12.1 (6.0) | −15.15 | —c | <0.01 |
| Pain score | 1.5 (2.2) | 0.9 (1.5) | 1.9 (2.4) | −6.47 | —c | <0.01 | 0.9 (1.6) | 2.0 (2.5) | −6.88 | —c | <0.01 | 0.9 (1.6) | 2.2 (2.5) | −8.09 | —c | <0.01 |
| Quality of life | 6.2 (1.5) | 7.0 (1.2) | 5.7 (1.5) | 13.41 | 1061 | <0.01 | 6.8 (1.3) | 5.7 (1.5) | 12.48 | 1061 | <0.01 | 6.8 (1.3) | 5.5(1.5) | 14.05 | 1061 | <0.01 |
Values in bold indicate <0.05.
ANX anxiety, COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease 2019, DEP depression, ISI Insomnia Severity Index, M mean, SD standard deviation.
aObservation period was during the COVID-19 pandemic.
bOnly psychiatric diagnoses with the percentage of >5% are presented separately; those with percentage of <5% were included in “others”.
cMann–Whitney U tests.