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. 2021 Jan 26;14(2):296–304. doi: 10.1038/s41385-020-00361-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Factors released by a healthy gut microbiota arm the lungs against viral respiratory infections. In contrast, antibiotic treatment disturbs the ecological equilibrium in the gut and alters the lung’s defenses. Aging and co-morbidities are also associated with altered gut microbiota function and enhanced susceptibility to respiratory infections.