Table 2. Odds of Receiving a Physical Restraint Order by Variable in a Logistic Regression Model.

Characteristic	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P value
Sex
Male	1 [Reference]	NA
Female	0.75 (0.71-0.79)	<.001
Age	0.99 (0.98-0.99)	<.001
Race
Asian	0.78 (0.56-1.09)	.15
Black or African American	1.13 (1.07-1.21)	<.001
White	1 [Reference]	NA
Other	1.11 (0.99-1.24)	.07
Ethnicity
Hispanic or Latino	0.78 (0.70-0.88)	<.001
Non-Hispanic Black or White	1 [Reference]	NA
Unknown	1.83 (1.42-2.37)	<.001
Insurance status
Private	1 [Reference]	NA
Medicaid	1.55 (1.45-1.67)	<.001
Medicare	1.67 (1.54-1.82)	<.001
Self-pay	1.55 (1.22-1.97)	<.001
Other	1.45 (1.31-1.60)	<.001
Illicit substance use
No	1 [Reference]	NA
Yes	1.55 (1.47-1.65)	<.001
Not asked	1.13 (0.99-1.28)	.05
Alcohol use
No	1 [Reference]	NA
Yes	1.13 (1.07-1.20)	<.001
Not asked	0.89 (0.77-1.04)	.14
Homeless
No	1 [Reference]	NA
Yes	1.35 (1.14-1.16)	<.001
Discharge diagnosis
Medical	0.63 (0.58-0.65)	<.001
Psychiatric	1.74 (1.64-1.85)	<.001
Alcohol or drugs	1.14 (1.07-1.21)	<.001
Cognitive or neurologic	1.30 (1.21-1.39)	<.001
Trauma	1.11 (1.03-1.19)	.005
Chief concern
Medical	0.43 (0.40-0.46)	<.001
Psychiatric	1.42 (1.32-1.52)	<.001
Alcohol or drug use	2.48 (2.30 2.67)	<.001
Cognitive to neurologic	3.14 (2.84-3.48)	<.001
Trauma	1.09 (0.98-1.21)	.12
Emergency Severity Index level
1	1 [Reference]	NA
2	0.25 (0.22-0.27)	<.001
3	0.04 (0.04-0.05)	<.001
4	0.006 (0.004-0.007)	<.001
5	0.003 (0.001-0.006)	<.001
Arrival time
3 am to 6 am	1.38 (1.22-1.56)	<.001
7 am to 10 am	1 [Reference]	NA
11 am to 2 pm	1.18 (1.07-1.29)	.001
3 pm to 6 pm	1.34 (1.23-1.47)	<.001
7 pm to 10 pm	1.44 (1.31-1.58)	<.001
11 pm to 2 am	1.47 (1.33-1.63)	<.001
No. of emergency department visits	1.00 (1.00-1.00)	.39
No. of hospital admissions	0.96 (0.94-0.97)	<.001