Table 3. Distance Measures by Market and Specialty Combined and After Stratifying by Patient Race.
| Market | Type of specialist | PCP to specialist distance, km (miles)a | Black, No. (%)b | White, No. (%)b | Patient to specialist distance, km (miles)a | Black, No. (%)b | White, No. (%)b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chicago, Illinois | All | 4.6 (2.9) | 3.1 (106) | 2.7 (93) | 15.2 (9.5) | 9.2 (97) | 9.7 (102) |
| Memphis, Tennessee | All | 14.4 (9.0) | 8.8 (98) | 9.1 (101) | 26.9 (16.8) | 16.1 (96) | 17.2 (102) |
| Baton Rouge, Louisiana | All | 11.7 (7.3) | 7.1 (98) | 7.3 (101) | 21.8 (13.6) | 12.8 (94) | 13.9 (103) |
| Norfolk, Virginia | All | 15.5 (9.7) | 8.8 (91) | 10.0 (103) | 23.5 (14.7) | 14.0 (95) | 14.9 (102) |
| Lafayette, Louisiana | All | 12.2 (7.6) | 7.3 (94) | 7.7 (102) | 20.2 (12.6) | 11.0 (87) | 13.1 (104) |
| Tallahassee, Florida | All | 9.1 (5.7) | 5.5 (98) | 5.7 (101) | 28. 3 (17.7) | 18.3 (103) | 17.5 (99) |
| Manhattan, New York | All | (3.0) | 2.4 (79) | 3.1 (104) | 12.5 (7.8) | 8.1 (104) | 7.6 (98) |
| Jacksonville, Florida | All | 16.6 (10.4) | 8.9 (85) | 10.7 (103) | 29.3 (18.3) | 16.5 (90) | 18.7 (102) |
| Miami, Florida | All | 11.5 (7.2) | 7.2 (100) | 7.2 (100) | 26.4 (16.5) | 16.5 (101) | 16.5 (100) |
| San Bernardino, California | All | 11.8 (7.4) | 7.7 (105) | 7.4 (99) | 33.9 (21.2) | 21.3 (100) | 21.2 (100) |
| Buffalo, New York | All | 13.0 (8.1) | 5.5 (69) | 8.4 (104) | 22.2 (13.9) | 7.2 (53) | 14.7 (106) |
| Huntsville, Alabama | All | 11.4 (7.1) | 5.3 (76) | 7.3 (103) | 25.3 (15.8) | 12.5 (81) | 16.2 (102) |
| All | Cardiology | 12.6 (7.9) | 7.0 (91) | 8.0 (101) | 24.6 (15.4) | 13.8 (89) | 15.7 (102) |
| All | Pulmonary | 10.1 (6.3) | 5.7 (92) | 6.4 (102) | 24.3 (15.2) | 13.9 (91) | 15.5 (103) |
| All | Gastroenterology | 10.6 (6.6) | 6.2 (94) | 6.6 (101) | 22.7 (14.2) | 13.8 (94) | 14.3 (102) |
| All | Orthopedics | 12.6 (7.9) | 7.2 (91) | 8.0 (101) | 23.8 (14.9) | 13.2 (89) | 15.2 (101) |
| All | General surgery | 10.4 (6.5) | 5.9 (92) | 6.6 (101) | 21.8 (13.6) | 13.9 (104) | 13.4 (98) |
| All | Neurology | 12.0 (7.5) | 6.7 (89) | 7.7 (102) | 25.4 (15.9) | 13.2 (83) | 16.5 (104) |
Abbreviation: PCP, primary care physician.
a
Distance is measured from zip code centroids.
b
Black and White refer to the percentage of the overall measure present in the networks constructed using Black or White patients only.