Table 1.
Summary of the published micropropagation studies on C. sativa. The table summarizes studies that rely on shoot multiplication (SM) to increase explant number. SM refers to the proliferation of multiple shoots from an existing meristem, such as axillary or apical nodes and floral meristems. Cannabis type is defined in this table as either psychoactive “drug-type” (Cannabis; tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) > 0.3% in flowering head) or known industrial hemp genotypes “fiber-type” (Hemp; THC < 0.3% in flowering head). A breakdown of the cultivars (CVs) used in the study and the number which responded to the treatment are included for each study. N.S. Not specified is assigned to data that were not specified, instances of “data not shown”, or when data are omitted in the original research article.
| Source | Explant (Response) |
C. sativa Type (#CVs Responded/Used) |
Best Media | Best Results | Stages Reported |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Richez-Dumanois et al., 1986 [66] |
Apical and axillary nodes (SM) |
Fiber-type (2/2) |
SM: MS + 0.5 μM BAP + 0.1 μM IBA |
SM: 2 shoots/explant (apical meristem), % response N.S. |
Stage 0: Y Stage 1: Y Stage 2: N Stage 3: Y Stage 4: Y |
|
Rooting: MS + 0.2% activated charcoal + 10 μM IBA |
Rooting: 47.7% response |
||||
| Lata et al., 2009a [70] |
Axillary nodes (SM and rooting) | Drug-type (1/1) |
SM: MS + 0.5 μM TDZ |
SM: 12.6 shoots/explant 100% response |
Stage 0: Y Stage 1: Y Stage 2: N Stage 3: Y Stage 4: Y |
|
Rooting: ½ MS + 2.5 μM IBA + 0.05% activated charcoal |
Rooting: 4.8 roots/explant 95% response |
||||
| Lata et al., 2009b [71] |
Alginate encapsulated axillary nodes (Shoot induction and rooting) | Drug-type (1/1) |
Shoot induction: MS + 0.5 μM TDZ + 0.075% PPM |
Shoot induction: 11.8 shoots/explant (90 days; avg. 30 explants) |
Stage 0: Y Stage 1: Y Stage 2: Y Stage 3: Y Stage 4: Y |
|
Rooting: (1:1) sterile fertilome: coco natural growth medium + MS + 0.5% PPM |
Rooting: 100% conversion from encapsulation (90 days) |
||||
| Lata et al., 2016 [72] |
Axillary nodes (SM and rooting) | Drug-type (1/1) |
SM: MS + 2 μM mT |
SM: 13.4 shoots/explant 100% response |
Stage 0: Y Stage 1: Y Stage 2: N Stage 3: Y Stage 4: Y |
|
Rooting: MS + 2 μM mT |
Rooting: 13.8 roots/explant 96% response |
||||
| Grulichova et al., 2017 [73] |
Shoot tips (SM) |
Fiber-type (2/2) |
SM: MS + 0.54 μM NAA + 1.78 μM BAP a |
SM: Shoots/explant N.S. % response N.S. |
Stage 0: Y Stage 1: Y Stage 2: N Stage 3: N Stage 4: N |
| Piunno et al., 2019 [74] |
Immature and mature inflorescences (shoot induction and rooting) | Drug-type (2/3) |
Shoot induction: MS + 10 µM TDZ |
Shoot induction: 4 shoots/floral cluster % response N.S. |
Stage 0: Y Stage 1: Y Stage 2: N Stage 3: Y Stage 4: Y |
|
Rooting: MS + 1.86 µM kinetin + 0.54 µM NAA a |
Rooting: Describes ‘most’ cultures as rooting. |
||||
| Smýkalová et al., 2019 [75] |
Shoot apex, isolated apical meristem, and cotyledonary nodes from seedlings (SM, shoot development, and rooting) |
Fiber-type (1/1) |
SM: IMB4 + 6.97 µM KIN + 0.81 µM BAP9THP + 0.11 mM adenine hemisulphate a |
SM: 4.4 shoots/explant (isolated meristems) ~96% response |
Stage 0: Y Stage 1: Y Stage 2: N Stage 3: Y Stage 4: N |
|
Shoot development: ½ MS no PGRs |
Shoot development: N.S. |
||||
|
Rooting: ½ MS + 0.20 µM NAA a |
Rooting: 50% response |
||||
| Monthony et al., 2020a [76] |
Single and pairs of florets (floral reversion and rooting) |
Drug-type (2/2) |
Floral reversion: DKW w/vitamins + 1 µM mT |
Floral reversion: Estimated 18.2 explants derived from one In Vitro flowering plant 81% response |
Stage 0: N Stage 1: N Stage 2: Y Stage 3: Y Stage 4: Y |
|
Rooting: DKW w/vitamins |
Rooting: 44% rooted |
||||
| Page et al., 2020 [77] |
Axillary nodes (SM) |
Drug-type (4/5) |
SM: DKW + 0.5 μM TDZ |
SM: 2.23 shoots/explant 80% response |
Stage 0: N Stage 1: N Stage 2: Y Stage 3: N Stage 4: N |
| Wróbel et al., 2020 [78] |
Shoot tips and nodes from axillary branches (SM and rooting) |
Fiber-type (1/1) |
SM: ½ MS + 2.85 μM IAA a |
SM: 2.5 shoots/explant 70% response |
Stage 0: Y Stage 1: Y Stage 2: Y Stage 3: Y Stage 4: Y |
|
Rooting: ½ MS + 2.85 μM IAA a |
Rooting: 74.6% rooted |
||||
| Codesido et al., 2020 [79] |
Axillary nodes (SM) |
Drug-type (6/6) |
SM: Formula βH media |
SM: Shoots/explant N.S. 58% response |
Stage 0: Y Stage 1: Y Stage 2: N Stage 3: N Stage 4: N |
| Mestinšek Mubi et al., 2020 [80] |
Axillary nodes (SM) |
Drug-type b
(2/2) |
SM: MS+ 2.07 µM mT a |
SM: 1.78 shoots/explant 97.8% response |
Stage 0: Y Stage 1: Y Stage 2: N Stage 3: Y Stage 4: Y |
|
Rooting: MS + no PGRs |
Rooting: % response N.S. |
a Molarity values converted from mg/L. b Authors reported using a high-cannabidiol (CBD) drug-type C. sativa, % THC not specified.