Table 1.

Epigenetic biomarkers in RCC patients treated with TKIs.

Classification	Epigenetic alteration	Study population	Sample source	TKIs treatment	Deregulation in TKI resistance	Reference
Histone	EZH2	16	tissue	sunitinib	↑	Adelaiye et al., 2015
DNA methylation	QPCT	10	tissue	sunitinib	↓	Zhao et al., 2019
	SYNPO2	63	tissue	Sunitinib, sorafenib, pazopanib	↓	Pompas-Veganzones et al., 2016
	NEFH	18	tissue	Sunitinib, sorafenib, axitinib, bevacizumab	↑	Dubrowinskaja et al., 2014
	CST6, LAD1	18	tissue	Sunitinib, sorafenib, axitinib, bevacizumab	↑	Peters et al., 2014
miRNA	miR-376b-3p	47	tissue	sunitinib	↓	Kovacova et al., 2019
	miR-9-5p	60	tissue	Sunitinib, pazopanib, sorafenib	↑	Ralla et al., 2018
	miR-489-3p	60	tissue	Sunitinib, pazopanib, sorafenib	↓	Ralla et al., 2018
	miR-628-5p	123	tissue	sunitinib	↓	Puente et al., 2017
	miR-27b	123	tissue	sunitinib	↓	Puente et al., 2017
	miR-99b-5p	40	tissue	Sunitinib, sorafenib, pazopanib	↓	Lukamowicz-Rajska et al., 2016
	miR-101	94	tissue	sunitinib	↓	Goto et al., 2016
	miR-155, miR-484	79	tissue	sunitinib	↑	Merhautova et al., 2015
	miR-942	20	tissue	sunitinib	↑	Prior et al., 2014
	miR-141, miR-144, miR-376b	20	tissue	sunitinib	↓	Berkers et al., 2013
	miR-520 g, miR-155, miR-526b,	20	tissue	sunitinib	↑	Berkers et al., 2013
	miR-424,	38	Plasma	sunitinib	↑	Gámez-Pozo et al., 2012
lncRNA	lncRNA-GAS5	15	tissue	sorafenib	↓	Liu et al., 2019
	lncRNA-SRLR	96	tissue	sorafenib	↑	Xu et al., 2017
	lncARSR	84	Plasma, tissue	sunitinib	↑	Qu et al., 2016