FIGURE 1.

The fear conditioning and extinction learning paradigm (Milad et al., 2005, 2007a,b, 2008, 2009; Milad and Quirk, 2012; Marin et al., 2017; Raij et al., 2018). Participants learned the CS-US contingencies during conditioning. During extinction learning, participants were instructed that for one of the CS+s, they would not hear the loud noise (CS+I). For the other CS+, no information was provided (CS+U). Three lamp colors comprise the three CSs, which were counterbalanced within and across participants as CS+I, CS+U, and CS–.