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. 2021 Jan 12;14:576247. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.576247

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Copyright © 2021 Javanbakht, Grasser, Madaboosi, Chowdury, Liberzon and Diwadkar.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Significantly greater activity in the left vmPFC (top; red) for the instructed CS+ (CS+I) during extinction learning, and regions of significant co-activation. Regions of significant co-activation were identified using PPI, with the vmPFC as the seed (indicated within the starburst icon; top center). During extinction learning, significant co-activation of the (A) amygdala (middle left), (B) insula (middle right), (C) parahippocampus (bottom left), and (D) dmPFC (bottom right) was observed. Contrast: CS+I > CS+U for the early phase (first six trials) of extinction learning, MC corrected p < 0.05. Heat maps for each region represent Z-scores, which are reported alongside p-values in Table 4.