Table 4.
Hypothesized interactions between selected bioactives (those inducing/inhibiting at least four of the 55 targets studied) and drugs. Interaction was considered if at least one target was simultaneously affected by bioactive and drug, while sequentially fulfilling criteria 1 and 2 (see text for details). Piracetam is not shown, since it does not interact with any of the bioactives under study.
| Bioactive | Drug | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pr | Al | Se | Mt | Di | At | Me | Ta | Cl | |
| Apigenin | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
| α-Asarone | x | x | x | - | x | x | x | x | x |
| β-Asarone | x | x | x | ▲ | x | x | - | x | x |
| Bacoside A | x | x | x | - | x | x | ▼ | x | x |
| Bacoside B | x | x | x | - | x | x | ▼ | x | x |
| Berberine | x | x | x | x | x | x | - | x | x |
| Biapigenin | x | x | x | - | x | x | x | x | x |
| Bilobalide | x | x | x | - | x | x | x | x | x |
| Biochanin A | x | x | x | - | x | x | x | x | x |
| Caffeic acid | x | x | x | x | x | x | ▼ | x | x |
| β-Carbolines (Harmine) | x | x | x | x | x | x | ▼ | - | x |
| 9-Methyl-9B-Carboline | x | x | x | - | x | x | - | x | x |
| Catalpol | x | x | x | - | x | x | - | x | x |
| Catechin | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
| Chlorogenic acid | x | - | x | ▲ | x | x | ▼ | - | x |
| Cinnamaldehyde | x | x | x | ▲ | x | x | x | x | x |
| Coptisine | x | x | x | x | x | ▲ | x | x | x |
| Crocin | x | x | x | - | x | x | ▼ | x | x |
| Curcumin | x | x | x | x | x | x | ▼ | x | x |
| Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside | x | x | x | - | x | x | - | x | x |
| Daidzein | x | x | x | x | x | x | - | x | x |
| Decursin | x | - | x& | - | x | x | - | x | x |
| Delphinidin | x | x | x | x | x | x | ▼ | x | x |
| Ellagic acid | ▼ | - | x | x | x | x | ▼ | - | x |
| ECG | x | x | x | - | x | x | - | x | x |
| EGCG | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
| Eugenol | ▼ | - | x | ◄► | ▼ | x | x | - | x |
| Ferulic acid | x | x | x | - | x | x | x | x | x |
| Forskolin | x | x | x | ▲ | x | x | x | x | x |
| Gallic acid | x | x | x | - | x | x | - | x | x |
| Genistein | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
| Gingerol | x | x | x | - | x | x | ▼ | x | x |
| Ginkgolide A | x | x | x | - | x | x | ▼ | x | x |
| Ginkgolide B | x | x | x | - | x | x | ▼ | x | x |
| Ginsenoside Rb | x | x | x | x | x | x | - | x | x |
| Ginsenoside Rd | x | x | x | x | x | x | ▼ | x | x |
| Ginsenoside Rg | x | x | x | - | x | x | - | x | x |
| Glycyrrhizin | x | x | x | - | x | x | - | x | x |
| Hyperforin | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
| Hypericin | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
| Isoliquiritigenin | x | x | x | - | x | x | ▼ | x | x |
| Isorhamnetin | x | x | x | - | x | x | - | x | x |
| p-Kaempferol | x | x | x | - | x | x | x | x | x |
| Luteolin | x | x | x | x | x | x | ▼ | x | x |
| Malvidin 3-galactoside | x | x | x | x | x | x | - | x | x |
| Malvidin 3-glucoside | x | x | x | x | x | x | - | x | x |
| Mangiferin | x | x | x | - | x | x | ▼ | x | x |
| Myricetin | x | x | x | x | x | x | - | x | x |
| Naringenin | x | x | x | x | x | x | ▼ | x | x |
| Naringin | x | x | x | x | x | x | - | x | x |
| Nobiletin | x | x | x | x | x | x | - | x | x |
| Oleanolic acid | x | x | x | x | x | x | - | x | x |
| Paeonol | ▼ | - | x | x | x | x | - | - | - |
| Palmatine | x | x | x | - | x | x | - | x | x |
| Piperine | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
| Protocatechuic acid | x | x | x | - | x | ◄► | - | - | x |
| Puerarin | x | x | x | ▲ | x | x | ▼ | x | x |
| Quercetin | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
| Quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucuronide | x | x | x | - | x | x | - | x | x |
| Resveratrol | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
| Rosarin | x | x | x | - | x | x | - | x | x |
| Rosavin | x | x | x | - | x | x | - | x | x |
| Rosin | x | x | x | - | x | x | - | x | x |
| Rosmarinic acid | x | x | x | x | x | x | ▼ | x | x |
| Rutin | x | x | x | x | x | x | - | x | x |
| Salidroside | x | x | x | - | x | x | x | x | x |
| Salvianolic acid | x | x | x | x | x | x | - | x | x |
| Schisandrin B | x | x | x | - | x | x | ▲ | x | x |
| Shogaol | x | x | x | - | x | ▼ | x | - | x |
| β-Sitosterol | - | - | x# | x | x | x | - | - | - |
| Tannic acid | x | x | x | - | x | x | ▼ | x | x |
| Tanshinone I | x | x | x | x | x | x | - | x | x |
| Tanshinone IIA | x | x | x | x | x | x | - | x | x |
| Trigonelline | x | - | x | x | x | x | - | - | x |
| Ursolic acid | x | x | x | x | x | x | ▼ | x | x |
X—Drug is substrate of at least one target, which is induced/inhibited by the bioactive; direction of interaction is not disclosed; x&—The bioactive only inhibits P-gP; x#—The bioactive only inhibits BCRP; ▼—Drug and bioactive are inhibitors of at least one shared target; ▲—Drug and bioactive are inducers of at least one shared target; ◄►—Drug and bioactive act at least in one target, in opposite direction; ㇐ no interaction in any of the targets.