Figure 6.
The percentages of both intracellular and extracellular glutamate inhibition. The reduction in glutamate levels was calculated after the manipulation of Caco-2 cells with IC50 doses of ATRA and each EC-synthetic analogue. Data are presented as mean ± SEM of three-independent experiments. Significant inhibition of intracellular glutamate with EC19-treated cells was observed compared to ATRA and EC23 treatments. Also, significant inhibition in extracellular secreted glutamate was observed with ATRA compared to both EC19 and EC23. The significance in p-values for comparisons is indicated as * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001.