Table 15.
Extraction of enzymes from agri-food by-products.
| Enzyme | By-Product | Method | Result | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bromelain | Pineapple peel | An aqueous biphasic system consisting of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyacrylic acid | Bromelain extraction achieved a yield of 335.27% with a purification factor of 25.78 in PEG | [256] |
| Pineapple stems | Aqueous two-phase micellar systems with ionic liquids as co-surfactants | A high bromelain recovery (90%) was found for the low micelle phase for all systems | [258] | |
| Pineapple peel | Gemini surfactant-based reverse micelle | Activity recovery, purification fold, and protein extraction efficiency were 160 to 163%, 2.7 to 3.3, and 59%, respectively | [259,260] | |
| Pineapple stems and skins | Precipitation with carrageenan using a factorial experimental design | High recovery yield 80–90% of active bromelain for both (stems and peels), making it possible to obtain approximately 0.3 g of bromelain from 100 g of pineapple by-products | [261] | |
| Peel, pulp residues, and pineapple core | Extraction with ethanolic polyphenol from cashew leaves | Solids were obtained from pineapple waste with the following protease activities: 5343 CDU/g (core), 5147 CDU/g (shell), and 5732 CDU/g (pulp) | [124] | |
| Lipases | Bagasse and shell of Pear var. Hamlin, Valencia, and Natal | Emulsified olive oil and on p-nitrophenyl substrates | The bagasse and peel lipases from different orange varieties were obtained at an optimum pH between 6.0–8.0 and an optimum range temperature between 30 to 60 °C | [262] |
| Industrial waste from palm oil | Use of selected strain of Aspergillus niger grown in solid-state (SSF) and submerged fermentation (SMF) | Lipase activity levels of up to 15.41 UI/mL were reached in the palm oil extract by SSF | [263] | |
| Olive oil cake | Use of Candida utilis in solid-state fermentation | An alkaline substrate treatment appeared to be effective, leading to 39% increases in lipase production | [264] | |
| Mango seeds and peel | Use of Yarrowia lipolytica in submerged fermentation | The highest lipase activity observed was 3500 UI/L of the solid residue | [265] | |
| Amylases | Mango seeds | Use of Aspergillus niger isolated | The maximum α-amylase activity was obtained | [266] |