Table 4.
The antibiotic susceptibility results (n = 61).
| Animal Species | Id | Bacterial Species | AMP | AMC | FUR | CRO | C | ENR | CIP | CN | AK | DA | SXT | TE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birds (26 individuals) | ||||||||||||||
| Mallard | 1 | Escherichia coli | R | S | R | I | S | S | S | S | S | R a | S | I |
| Peregrine falcon | 4 | Staphylococcus aureus | R | S | S | S | S | R | R | S | S | S | S | S |
| Escherichia fergusonii | R | S | R | S | S | S | S | S | S | R a | S | I | ||
| Golden Eagle | 5 | Staphylococcus aureus | R | S | S | S | S | R | R | S | S | S | S | S |
| Escherichia coli | R | S | S | S | S | R | R | S | S | S b | S | S | ||
| Kestrel | 6 | Escherichia coli | R | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | R a | S | S |
| Honey Buzzard | 7 | Escherichia coli | R | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | R a | S | S |
| Buzzard | 8 | Staphylococcus chromogenes | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | I | S | S |
| European scops owl | 12 | Escherichia coli | R | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | I | R a | S | S |
| Owl | 13 | Yersinia nurmii | R | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | R a | S | S |
| Escherichia coli | R | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | I | R a | R | R | ||
| Peregrine falcon | 15 | Escherichia coli | R | I | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | R a | S | S |
| Barn owl | 16 | Clostridium perfringens | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | R | R | S | S | S |
| Kestrel | 17 | Escherichia coli | R | S | I | S | S | I | I | I | I | R a | S | S |
| Buzzard | 18 | Clostridium perfringens | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | R | R | S | S | S |
| Escherichia coli | I | S | I | S | S | S | S | S | S | R a | S | S | ||
| Tawny owl | 19 | Clostridium perfringens | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | R | R | S | S | I |
| Hafnia alvei | I | R | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | R a | S | R | ||
| Escherichia coli | R | S | I | S | S | S | S | I | S | R a | S | S | ||
| Peregrine falcon | 20 | Escherichia coli | I | R | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | R a | S | S |
| Hafnia alvei | I | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | R a | S | S | ||
| Klebsiella oxytoca | R a | R | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | R a | S | S | ||
| Kestrel | 23 | Clostridium perfringens | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | R | R | S | S | I |
| Kestrel | 24 | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | R a | R a | S | I b | I b | R | R | S | S | R a | R | I b |
| Flamingo | 26 | Escherichia coli | R | S | I | S | S | I | S | S | S | R a | S | R |
| Kestrel | 28 | Escherichia albertii | R | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | R a | S | S |
| Escherichia coli | R | S | R | S | S | S | S | I | R | R a | S | S | ||
| Staphylococcus warneri | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | ||
| Gray Heron | 29 | Salmonella enterica | R | S | I | S | S | S | S | S | S | R a | S | S |
| Crow | 30 | Staphylococcus aureus | I | S | I | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
| Enterococcus faecium | S | S | R a | I b | S | S | S | S | S | S | Ra | S | ||
| Campylobacter jejuni | R | S | R | I | S | S | S | S | S | S | R | S | ||
| Peregrine falcon | 32 | Staphylococcus simulans | R | S | S | S | R | R | I | S | S | R | S | R |
| Peregrine falcon | 33 | Escherichia coli | R | S | I | S | S | S | S | I | R | Ra | S | S |
| Staphylococcus chromogenes | S | S | I | S | S | R | I | S | S | I | S | S | ||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | R a | R a | R | I b | S b | I | I | S | S | R | R | I b | ||
| Peregrine falcon | 34 | Escherichia fergusonii | R | S | I | S | S | S | S | I | R | R a | S | S |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | R a | R a | I | I b | S b | I | I | S | S | I b | R | I b | ||
| Bee-eater | 35 | Escherichia coli | R | S | I | S | S | S | S | S | I | R a | S | I |
| Royal Seagull | 38 | Streptococcus bovis | S | S | S | S | S | I | I | I b | R a | I | R | I |
| Royal Seagull | 39 | Escherichia coli | I | S | I | S | S | S | S | I | S | R a | S | S |
| Total resistant strains on 41 isolates | 22 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 2 | 6 | 4 | ||
| Mammals (9 individuals) | ||||||||||||||
| Deer | 2 | Escherichia coli | R | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | R a | S | S |
| Rabbit | 3 | Escherichia coli | R | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | I | R a | S | S |
| Fox | 9 | Klebsiella oxytoca | R a | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | R a | S | S |
| Rabbit | 14 | Escherichia coli | R | S | I | S | S | S | S | I | R | R a | S | S |
| Marten | 21 | Escherichia coli | R | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | R a | S | S |
| Rabbit | 22 | Escherichia coli | R | S | I | S | S | S | S | I | I | R a | S | S |
| Rabbit | 25 | Enterobacter cloacae | R | I | R | S | S | S | S | S | I | R a | R | R |
| Hedgehog | 27 | Citrobacter freundii | R a | R a | S | S | S | I | S | S | S | R a | S | S |
| Streptococcus dysgalactiae | S | S | S | S | S | I | I | S b | R a | I | S | S | ||
| Staphylococcus simulans | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | ||
| Wild boar | 31 | Escherichia fergusonii | R | S | I | S | S | S | S | S | S | R a | S | S |
| Citrobacter freundii | R a | S b | I | S | S | S | S | S | S | R a | S | S | ||
| Total resistant strains on 12 isolates | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Reptiles (4 individuals) | ||||||||||||||
| Herman’s tortoise | 10 | Escherichia coli | R | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | R a | R | R |
| Citrobacter braakii | R a | S b | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | R a | S | S | ||
| Salmonella tennessee | R | S | I | S | S | S | S | S | S | R a | S | S | ||
| Greek tortoise | 11 | Corynebacterium xerosis | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | I | S | S |
| Escherichia coli | R | I | R | S | S | S | S | S | S | R a | S | I | ||
| Sicilian Pond Turtle | 36 | Providencia rustigianii | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | R a | S | R |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | R a | S | I | S | S | S | S | S | I | R a | S | S | ||
| Sicilian Pond Turtle | 37 | Klebsiella oxytoca | R a | S | I | S | S | S | S | S | I | R a | S | S |
| Total resistant strains on 8 isolates | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | ||
Ampicillin (AMP); amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AMC); ceftiofur (FUR); ceftriaxone (CRO); chloramphenicol (C); enrofloxacin (ENR); ciprofloxacin (CIP); gentamycin (CN); amikacin (AK); clindamycin (DA); sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SXT); tetracycline (TE); Resistant (R); susceptible (S); Intermediate (I); a Reported as intrinsic resistance [24]; b Reported as intrinsic resistance in [24].