Table 3.
Group average brain activity during verb generation > rest in A. typically developing children and B. children with DLD. Clusters with Z > 6 and a minimum extent of 50 voxels are reported in italics with up to 6 maxima per cluster. Peak locations are presented for X (sagittal), Y (coronal) and Z (axial) coordinates in mm relative to the orthogonal planes through the anterior commissure, together with peak z-statistic, and cluster extent in voxels. L, left; R, right.
| Brain Area | X | Y | Z | Z-statistic | Voxels |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. TD | |||||
| Medial frontal cortex and right anterior insula | 4229 | ||||
| L anterior cingulate sulcus | -6 | 28 | 30 | 8.71 | |
| R anterior cingulate sulcus | 12 | 28 | 36 | 8.29 | |
| R anterior insula | 38 | 22 | -6 | 8.74 | |
| L pre supplementary motor area | -4 | 18 | 48 | 9.65 | |
| Left precentral gyrus extending to anterior insula | 5834 | ||||
| L anterior insula | -32 | 24 | -4 | 9.37 | |
| L ventral precentral gyrus | -50 | -6 | 24 | 9.61 | |
| L precentral gyrus (face representation) | -48 | -12 | 36 | 9.46 | |
| Right precentral gyrus | 1144 | ||||
| R ventral precentral gyrus | 58 | -2 | 20 | 8.97 | |
| R precentral gyrus (face representation) | 48 | -6 | 32 | 9.77 | |
| Right anterior parahippocampal gyrus | 30 | -4 | -36 | 7.48 | 52 |
| Thalamus and Brain stem | 618 | ||||
| R thalamus | 14 | -18 | 0 | 7.38 | |
| R brainstem | 12 | -24 | -12 | 9.63 | |
| L brainstem | -12 | -26 | -12 | 9.08 | |
| Right superior temporal cortex | 277 | ||||
| R Heschl's gyrus | 42 | -22 | 10 | 7.20 | |
| R posterior superior temporal sulcus | 54 | -28 | 4 | 8.26 | |
| Left superior temporal cortex (posterior) | -56 | -42 | 10 | 7.67 | 211 |
| Right Cerebellum | 403 | ||||
| R cerebellar lobule VIIb | 32 | -64 | -50 | 8.16 | |
| R cerebellar crus II | 20 | -76 | -42 | 7.78 | |
| Occipital cortex (ventral) | 13056 | ||||
| R lateral occipital cortex | 40 | -74 | -12 | 11.0 | |
| L lateral occipital cortex | -34 | -88 | -10 | 11.0 | |
| L occipital pole | -32 | -90 | -4 | 11.3 | |
| R occipital pole | 32 | -92 | -4 | 11.5 | |
| B. DLD | |||||
| Left frontal opercular cortex | 524 | ||||
| L anterior insula | -32 | 24 | 0 | 7.37 | |
| L frontal operculum (medial) | -38 | 12 | 16 | 7.31 | |
| Right frontal opercular cortex | 211 | ||||
| R anterior insula | 40 | 18 | 0 | 7.04 | |
| R frontal operculum (medial) | 40 | 16 | 12 | 6.98 | |
| Medial frontal cortex | 1124 | ||||
| L paracingulate cortex | -4 | 18 | 44 | 7.60 | |
| R cingulate sulcus | 16 | 18 | 36 | 7.36 | |
| L cingulate sulcus | -14 | 16 | 34 | 7.28 | |
| L pre supplementary motor area | -6 | 4 | 60 | 8.04 | |
| Right precentral gyrus | 480 | ||||
| R ventral precentral gyrus | 58 | -2 | 20 | 6.57 | |
| R precentral gyrus (face representation) | 48 | -10 | 36 | 8.04 | |
| Left precentral gyrus | 768 | ||||
| L ventral precentral gyrus | -56 | -2 | 22 | 7.68 | |
| L precentral gyrus (face representation) | -46 | -14 | 40 | 8.45 | |
| Left occipito-temporal cortex | 2856 | ||||
| L mid fusiform gyrus | -38 | -46 | -8 | 9.55 | |
| L lateral occipital cortex | -44 | -72 | -10 | 8.26 | |
| L occipital pole | -26 | -90 | -6 | 8.88 | |
| Right occipital cortex (ventral) | 3024 | ||||
| R mid fusiform gyrus | 34 | -48 | -18 | 8.49 | |
| R cerebellar lobule VI | 16 | -60 | -20 | 8.47 | |
| R lateral occipital cortex | 40 | -86 | -8 | 8.88 | |
| R occipital pole | 32 | -90 | -2 | 9.67 | |