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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jan 26.
Published in final edited form as: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017 Jul 1;75(Suppl 3):S392–S396. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000001416

TABLE 2.

Prevalence of Current ARV Use and Prevalence Ratios Comparing ARV Use per 3-Year Increase in Year Among Self-Reported HIV-Positive People Who Inject Drugs by Selected Characteristics—NHBS, 2009–2015

Characteristic 2009 2012 2015 Undjusted PR
(95% CI)*
Adjusted PR
(95% CI)



No. in Sample n (%) No. in Sample n (%) No. in Sample n (%)
Overall 548 319 (58) 608 410 (67) 545 386 (71) 1.10 (1.06 to 1.15) 1.08 (1.03 to 1.12)
Sex
  Female 161 80 (50) 191 119 (62) 155 280 (72) 1.17 (1.08 to 1.26) 1.15 (1.06 to 1.24)
  Male 387 239 (62) 417 291 (70) 390 106 (68) 1.08 (1.03 to 1.13) 1.06 (1.01 to 1.10)
Race/ethnicity
  Black 309 190 (62) 350 246 (70) 252 189 (75) 1.10 (1.04 to 1.16) 1.07 (1.02 to 1.13)
  Hispanic 103 55 (53) 106 73 (69) 129 88 (68) 1.15 (1.06 to 1.24) 1.10 (1.02 to 1.18)
  White 110 61 (56) 111 64 (58) 126 84 (67) 1.11 (0.99 to 1.23) 1.08 (0.98 to 1.19)
  Other§ 25 12 (48) 40 26 (65) 36 23 (64) 1.12 (0.91 to 1.38) 1.07 (0.87 to 1.32)
Current age
  <50 yrs 312 166 (53) 310 188 (61) 290 187 (64) 1.11 (1.03 to 1.19) 1.09 (1.02 to 1.17)
  ≥50 yrs 236 153 (65) 298 222 (75) 255 199 (78) 1.09 (1.03 to 1.15) 1.07 (1.01 to 1.12)
Education
  HS or less 399 228 (57) 460 312 (68) 389 280 (72) 1.12 (1.07 to 1.17) 1.10 (1.05 to 1.15)
  More than HS 149 91 (61) 148 98 (66) 156 106 (68) 1.06 (0.97 to 1.17) 1.04 (0.95 to 1.14)
Current insurance
  No 123 36 (29) 88 39 (44) 77 29 (38) 1.15 (0.96 to 1.36) 1.16 (0.97 to 1.38)
  Yes 425 283 (67) 519 370 (71) 468 357 (76) 1.08 (1.04 to 1.12) 1.07 (1.03 to 1.11)
Region
  Midwest and West 137 86 (63) 152 102 (67) 150 108 (72) 1.07 (0.97 to 1.19) 1.04 (0.95 to 1.15)
  Northeast 137 91 (66) 123 88 (72) 109 88 (81) 1.11 (1.04 to 1.18) 1.09 (1.02 to 1.17)
  South and Territories 274 142 (52) 333 220 (66) 286 190 (66) 1.13 (1.05 to 1.21) 1.11 (1.04 to 1.19)
*

PR corresponds to the increase in ARV use for each 3-year increase in interview year (ie, 2009–2012 or 2012–2015); models include participant’s personal network size, region, year, the covariate, and the interaction between the covariate and year.

Adjusted models are adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, current age, and current insurance in addition to the variables included in the unadjusted models.

Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.

§

Includes those reporting American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, other race, or multiple races.

Midwest and West: Chicago, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle; Northeast: Boston, Nassau-Suffolk, Newark, NY, Philadelphia; South and Territories: Atlanta, Baltimore, Dallas, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, San Juan, D.C.

HS, high school.