Table 1.
Features of COVID-19 patients and comparative analysis according to atrial fibrillation
| Before PSM |
After PSM |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall N = 6217 |
AF n = 250 |
No AF n = 5967 |
P | Overall n = 466 |
AF n = 233 |
No AF n = 233 |
P | |
|
Demographic | ||||||||
| Male, % |
3579 (57.6) |
171 (68.4) |
3408 (57.1) |
< .001 |
268 (57.5) |
134 (57.5) |
134 (57.5) |
1 |
| Age, y |
65.7 ± 16.8 |
79.9 ± 9.9 |
65.1 ± 16.7 |
< .001 |
79.4 ± 10.7 |
79.7 ± 9.7 |
79.1 ± 11.5 |
.538 |
| BMI, kg/m2 |
28.8 ± 5.2 |
28.8 ± 4.4 |
28.8 ± 5.2 |
.229 |
28.5 ± 4.2 |
28.5 ± 4.2 |
28.6 ± 4.4 |
.858 |
|
Comorbidities | ||||||||
| Hypertension |
3020 (50.3) |
203 (81.2) |
2817 (49.0) |
< .001 |
378 (81.1) |
189 (81.1) |
189 (81.1) |
1 |
| Diabetes mellitus |
1237 (19.9) |
77 (30.8) |
1160 (19.4) |
< .001 |
138 (29.6) |
69 (29.6) |
69 (29.6) |
1 |
| Hypercholesterolemia |
2237 (37.5) |
140 (56.7) |
2097 (36.7) |
< .001 |
262 (56.2) |
132 (56.7) |
130 (55.8) |
.852 |
| Smoker |
271 (5.1) |
10 (4.1) |
261 (5.1) |
.478 |
23 (4.9) |
10 (4.3) |
13 (6.3) |
.354 |
| Lung disease |
1243 (30.5) |
87 (47.3) |
1156 (29.7) |
< .001 |
159 (34.1) |
81 (34.8) |
78 (33.5) |
.769 |
| Chronic kidney disease |
416 (7.1) |
370 (88.9) |
46 (18.8) |
< .001 |
82 (17.6) |
41 (17.6) |
41 (17.6) |
1 |
| Obesity |
1174 (24.5) |
59 (27.7) |
1115 (24.3) |
.263 |
103 (27.2) |
56 (28.1) |
47 (26.1) |
.657 |
| Heart failure |
265 (4.2) |
15 (6.0) |
250 (4.2) |
.234 |
176 (37.8) |
110 (47.2) |
66 (28.3) |
< .001 |
| Ischemic heart disease |
396 (6.4) |
9 (3.6) |
387 (6.5) |
.067 |
35 (7.5) |
9 (3.9) |
26 (11.2) |
.003 |
| Cardiomyopathy |
127 (2.0) |
6 (2.4) |
121 (2.0) |
.684 |
19 (4.1) |
6 (2.6) |
13 (5.6) |
.101 |
| Cerebrovascular disease |
479 (8.1) |
33 (13.4) |
446 (7.9) |
.002 |
68 (14.6) |
31 (13.3) |
37 (15.9) |
.431 |
| Any cancer |
861 (14.6) |
51 (20.7) |
810 (14.3) |
.005 |
94 (20.2) |
47 /20.2) |
47 (20.2) |
1 |
|
Concomitant treatment | ||||||||
| Beta-blockers |
933 (15.7) |
123 (49.6) |
810 (14.2) |
< .001 |
179 (38.6) |
120 (51.7) |
59 (25.4) |
< .001 |
| ACEi/ARBs |
2214 (37.1) |
2090 (36.6) |
124 (49.8) |
< .001 |
261 (56.3) |
118 (50.9) |
143 (61.6) |
.019 |
| Antiplatelet therapy |
901 (15.2) |
23 (9.2) |
878 (15.4) |
.008 |
85 (18.4) |
22 (9.5) |
63 (27.3) |
< .001 |
| Oral anticoagulation therapy |
651 (10.9) |
214 (85.6) |
437 (7.6) |
< .001 |
230 (49.3) |
198 (85.0) |
32 (13.8) |
< .001 |
| Vitamin K antagonists |
535 (82.2) |
145 (67.8) |
390 (89.2) |
163 (70.9) |
137 (69.2) |
26 (81.3) |
||
| Direct-acting oral anticoagulants |
116 (17.8) |
69 (32.2) |
47 (10.8) |
67 (29.1) |
61 (30.8) |
6 (18.7) |
||
|
Laboratory parameters | ||||||||
| Creatinine, mg/dL |
1.1 ± 1.7 |
1.5 ± 1.3 |
1.1 ± 1.6 |
.035 |
1.4 ± 1.2 |
1.3 ± 1.0 |
1.5 ± 1.4 |
.071 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL |
13.5 ± 1.9 |
12.7 ± 2.4 |
13.6 ± 1.9 |
< .001 |
12.9 ± 2.3 |
13.1 ± 2.2 |
12.8 ± 2.4 |
.146 |
| Platelet count, x 109/L |
213 ± 95 |
192 ± 90 |
213 ± 85 |
.513 |
203 ± 95 |
231 ± 99 |
192 ± 89 |
.017 |
| Lymphocytes, g/dL |
1229 ± 1715 |
1276 ± 3279 |
1228 ± 161 |
.015 |
1318 ± 3063 |
1330 ± 2726 |
1305 ± 3377 |
.930 |
| Elevated D-dimer |
3633 (69.7) |
151 (71.2) |
3482 (69.6) |
.619 |
292 (75.1) |
140 (71.4) |
152 (78.8) |
.095 |
| Elevated procalcitonin |
832 (13.4) |
41 (30.1) |
791 (21.6) |
.018 |
87 (30.5) |
40 (31.3) |
47 (29.9) |
.811 |
| Elevated C-reactive protein |
5249 (90.0) |
217 (90.0) |
5032 (90.0) |
.990 |
408 (90.5) |
202 (90.2) |
206 (90.7) |
.837 |
| Elevated troponins |
382 (14.1) |
28 (31.5) |
354 (13.5) |
< .001 |
50 (25.8) |
26 (31.3) |
24 (21.6) |
.126 |
| Elevated transaminases |
2304 (41.9) |
73 (31.1) |
2231 (42.4) |
.001 |
150 (34.6) |
69 (31.5) |
81 (37.9) |
.165 |
| Elevated ferritin |
2018 (64.0) |
70 (65.4) |
1948 (63.9) |
.753 |
140 (63.1) |
67 (67.0) |
73 (59.8) |
.271 |
| Elevated LDH | 4155 (77.0) | 175 (77.4) | 3980 (77.0) | .879 | 327 (78.2) | 164 (77.7) | 163 (78.7) | .801 |
ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PSM, propensity score matching.
The data are presented as No. (%) or mean ± standard deviation.