Table 1.

Antiviral activity of some sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae.

Organism	Compounds	Activity	References
Red macroalgae
Acanthophora spicifera	Agaran	aHSV-1, HSV-2, inhibit initial attachment of virus to the cells	Bedoux et al., 2017
Meristiella gelidium	Iota/kappa/nu-hybrid carrageenan	HSV-2, bDENV-2, no cytotoxicity on Vero cells	De Sf-Tischer et al., 2006
Acanthophora spicifera	Carrageenan	HSV-1, cRVFV, inhibit virus replication	Gomaa and Elshoubaky, 2016
Sigma–Aldrich	Kappa-carrageenan	Enterovirus 71 prevent viral replication before and after adsorption	Chiu et al., 2012b
Purchased from FMC Biopolymers	Iota-carrageenan	dHRV, prevent binding and replication of virions	Grassauer et al., 2008
Gymnogongrus griffithsiae, Cryptonemia crenulata	Sulfated galactans	HSV-1, HSV-2, inhibit virus adsorption	Talarico et al., 2004
Gracilaria corticata	Sulfated galactan	HSV-1, HSV-2, inhibition of virus attachment	Mazumder et al., 2002
Purchased from FMC Biopolymers	Iota-carrageenan	Pandemic eH1NI/2009 reduced viral replication	Leibbrandt et al., 2010
Gymnogongrus torulosus	dl-galactan	HSV-2, DENV-2, inhibit virus adsorption	Pujol et al., 2002
Sebdenia polydactyla	Sulfated xylomannans	HSV-1	Ghosh et al., 2009
Lithothamnion muelleri	Sulfated xylogalactans	HSV-1, HSV-2, inhibit viral adsorption and penetration into the cells	Malagoli et al., 2014
Scinaia hatei	Sulfated xylomannan	HSV-1, HSV-2, inhibit virus binding	Mandal et al., 2008
Sphaerococcus coronopifolius, Boergeseniella thuyoides	Water-soluble sulfated polysaccharides	HSV-1, fHIV-1, inhibit adsorption and replication of the virus	Bouhlal et al., 2011
Green macroalgae
Enteromorpha compressa	Ulvan	HSV, inhibit adsorption and replication of the virus	Lopes et al., 2017
Ulva intestinalis	Ulvan	Measles virus, reduction of syncytia formation and low cytotoxicity	Morán-Santibañez et al., 2016
Ulva armoricana	Enzyme assisted-Ulvan	HSV-1, no cytotoxicity on Vero cells	Hardouin et al., 2016
Monostroma latissimum	Rhamnan sulfate	HSV-1, HIV-1, gHCMV, virus adsorption and replication	Wang et al., 2018
Brown macroalgae
Adenocystis utricularis	Fucoidan (galactofucan)	HSV-1, HSV-2, no cytotoxicity	Ponce et al., 2003
Dictyota dichotoma	Fucoidan (galactofucan)	HSV-1, reduction in plaque formation	Rabanal et al., 2014
Cladosiphon okamuranus	Fucoidan (glucuronic acid, sulfated fucose)	DENV-2, direct binding	Hidari et al., 2008
Adenocystis utricularis	Fucoidan	HIV-1, block entry of the virus	Trinchero et al., 2009
Cystoseira indica	Sulfated fucans	HSV-1, HSV-2, inhibit virus adsorption	Mandal et al., 2007
Sargassum mcclurei	Fucoidan	HIV-1, block entry of the virus	Thuy et al., 2015
Caulerpa brachypus	Xylan-fucoidan	HSV-1, inhibit attachment, penetration, and later stage replication	Lee et al., 2004
Fucus vesiculosus	Fucoidan	hBVDV, inhibit binding of the virus	Güven et al., 2020
Laminaria japonica	Fucoidan	iH5N1, inhibit entry of the virus	Makarenkova et al., 2010
Undaria pinnatifida	Galactofucan	HSV-1, HSV-2, HCMV, Inhibit virus entry, and host-virus binding	Hemmingson et al., 2006
Sargassum trichophyllum	Fucoidan	HSV-2, inhibit virus adsorption, penetration and replication	Lee et al., 2011

^aHerpes simplex virus.

^bDengue virus.

^cRift valley fever virus.

^dHuman rhinovirus.

^eInfluenza A virus.

^fHuman immunodeficiency virus.

^gHuman cytomegalovirus.

^hBovine viral diarrhea virus.

ⁱAvian influenza virus.