Table 1.

Psychosocial Stressors Among the General Public During the Pandemic

Work related •Job loss, income loss (Brooks et al., 2020; Sarin, 2020) •Working from home, loss of child care, and schooling from home (Patrick et al., 2020) •Difficulties working from home due to limited or no internet connectivity, especially in rural areas or among people with smart phones as their only devices (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2020a) •Working as essential personnel, risking exposure to the virus (CDC, 2020b) •Challenges with sick leave needs (Carino, 2020)

Access to health care •Limited access due to loss of health insurance associated with layoffs (Stolberg, 2020) •Limited access due to noncitizen status (East & Marcus, 2020) •Difficulty accessing telehealth services due to limited or no Internet connectivity (Settles, 2020) •Delay of nonacute medical services due to fear of exposure to virus (Luthra, 2020)

Social stressors •Social isolation (Sarin, 2020) •Lack of access to traditional social supports: friends, family members, faith communities (United Nations Sustainable Development Group, 2020) •Homeschooling children (Williams, 2020) •Inability to visit hospitalized loved ones (Hafner, 2020) •Death of loved ones or co-workers due to COVID-19 (Pfefferbaum & North, 2020) •Relationship strain due to quarantine (Chaker, 2020) •Inability to celebrate at weddings and mourn at funerals (Lee, 2020) •Loss of personal liberties due to quarantine (Pfefferbaum & North, 2020) •24/7 exposure to distressing news about the pandemic (Pfefferbaum & North, 2020) •Poor diet and lack of exercise contributing to unwellness (Mattioli et al., 2020) •Boredom and frustration (Brooks et al., 2020)

Stressors related to race •Racial and economic disparities brought to light by much higher rates among people of color of contracting COVID-19 and dying from it (CDC, 2020d) •Increased exposure to the virus among pregnant Black and Hispanic women compared with White women (Flannery et al., 2020) •Experiences of xenophobic harassment, especially among Asian Americans (Donaghue, 2020)