Table 2.

Single TCM used in IPF treatment.

Single TCM	Efficacy in TCM	References
Rheum palmatum L.	It can inhibit TIMP-1 expression, reduce collagen production and ECM deposition.	[54]
Curcuma longa L.	It can inhibit type I collagen synthesis and deposition, and TGF-β1 expression.	[55]
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge	It can inhibit Smad-dependent signalling and Smad-dependent MAPK pathway, and restore the balance of Nrf2-NOX4.	[56]
Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels	It can down-regulate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and TGF-β1 to inhibit the process of radiation-induced IPF.	[57]
Astragalus mongholicus Bunge	It can inhibit TGF-β1/PI3K/Akt-induced FOXO3a process of hyperphosphorylation and down-regulate EMT reversal in the fibrosis.	[58]
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk.	It can inhibit inflammation, reduce pulmonary fibrosis and HP, and affect LPO and catalase activity.	[59]
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f.	It can regulate the transition of epithelial cells to mesenchymal and fibroblasts cells through the inhibition of HSP90.	[60]
Garcinia hanburyi Hook. f.	It can regulate VASH-2/VASH-1 and inhibit the TGF-β1/Smad3	[61]
	pathway reversed the proliferation of EMT and EndoMT and HLF-1 in vitro.
Rhodiola rosea L.	It can inhibit phosphorylation of Smad3 caused by reduced TGF-β1.	[62]
Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.	It can adjust the oxidation/antioxidation balance when the level of lipid peroxidase decreases and the level of catalase increases in lung tissue.	[63]