Table 3.

Active components of TCM for IPF and machanisms.

Active components	Source	Mechanisms	References
CUR	Curcuma longa L.	It can reduce the activity of MMP-9 and inhibit the differentiation of lung fibroblasts driven by TGF-β2 into myofibroblasts.	[70,71,72]
QUE	Begonia dryadis Irmsch.	It can reduce the level of S1P in lung tissue and HELF cells, as well as the SphK1 and degradation enzyme S1PL, and restore redox disorders.	[78,79]
GA	Garcinia hanburyi Hook. f.	It can attenuate epithelial-mesenchymal transition, inhibit the proliferation of HLF-1 stimulated and reduce PDGF and FGF-2 expression.	[84]
ASV	Astragalus mongholicus Bunge	It can reduce the level of Col III, LN, HA and HYP. And inhibit TGFβ1/PI3K/Akt-induced FOXO3a hyperphosphorylation and downregulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition.	[89]
SAB	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge	It can inhibit Smad-dependent signalling and Smad-independent MAPK pathway, increase Nrf2 expression in lung tissue.	[93,94]
Gallic acid	Rhus chinensis Mill.	It can activate p53 and induce apoptosis of fibroblasts and transform growth factor1/Smad2 signalling pathway and balance NOX4 / Nrf2.	[97,98,99]
TSIIA	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge	It can inhibit abnormal oxidation and NO production and reduce TGF-β	[102,103]
		overexpression, reverse the reduction of
		ACE-2 and ANG- (1−7).
Emodin	Rheum palmatum L.	It can decrease the collagen deposition and inhibit the TNF-α, infiltration of myofibroblasts and inflammatory cells, reduce IL-6, TGF-β1 and HSP -47 levels.	[106,107]
AND	Andrographis paniculata (Burm.Nees F.)	It can inhibit oxidative stress and increases the GSH/GSSG ratio, and improve the change of MMP-1/TIMP-1 ratio.	[111]
RES	Reynoutria japonica Houtt.	It can inhibit the expression of α-SMA, and attenuate the deposition of collagen and inhibit TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt.	[116]